NYSE: TPTA
Terra Property Trust, Inc.CIK 0001674356 · Real Estate Investment Trusts
We are a real estate investment trust that originates, invests in and manages a diverse portfolio of real estate and real estate-related assets. We focus primarily on commercial real estate credit investments, including first mortgage loans, subordinated loans (including B-notes, mezzanine and… About this business →
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About Terra Property Trust, Inc.
Source: Item 1 (Business) from the 10-K filed March 19, 2026. Description as filed by the company with the SEC.
Item 1. Business.
Overview
We are a real estate investment trust that originates, invests in and manages a diverse portfolio of real estate and real estate-related assets. We focus primarily on commercial real estate credit investments, including first mortgage loans, subordinated loans (including B-notes, mezzanine and preferred equity) and credit facilities throughout the United States, which we collectively refer to as our targeted assets. Our loans finance the acquisition, development or recapitalization of high-quality commercial real estate in the United States. We focus on middle market loans in the approximately $10 million to $50 million range, which we believe are subject to less competition, offer higher risk-adjusted returns than larger loans with similar risk metrics and facilitate portfolio diversification. Our investment objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders, primarily by earning high current income that allows for regular distributions, and, in certain instances, benefiting from potential capital appreciation. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in meeting our investment objective. We also make strategic real estate equity and non-real estate-related investments that align with our investment objectives and criteria.
Each of our investments was originated by Terra Capital Partners or its affiliates. Our portfolio is diversified based on location of the underlying properties, loan structure and property type. As of December 31, 2025, our portfolio included underlying properties located in nine markets, across seven states and includes property types such as multifamily housing, student housing, commercial offices, retail, mixed-use and infill properties. The profile of these properties ranges from stabilized and value-added properties to pre-development and construction. Our loans are structured across mezzanine debt, first mortgages, preferred equity investments and credit facilities.
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We were incorporated under the general corporation laws of the State of Maryland on December 31, 2015. Through December 31, 2015, our business was conducted through a series of predecessor private partnerships. At the beginning of 2016, we completed the merger of these private partnerships into a single entity as part of our plan to reorganize our business as a REIT for federal income tax purposes (the “REIT Formation Transaction”). Following the REIT Formation Transaction, Terra Fund 5 contributed the consolidated portfolio of net assets of the Terra Funds to us in exchange for all of the shares of common stock of our company. On March 2, 2020, we engaged in a series of transactions pursuant to which we issued an aggregate of 4,574,470.35 shares of common stock in exchange for the settlement of an aggregate of $49.8 million of participation interests in loans held by us, cash of $25.5 million and other working capital.
On October 1, 2022, pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 2, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”), Terra Income Fund 6, Inc. merged with and into Terra Income Fund 6, LLC, our wholly owned subsidiary, with Terra LLC continuing as the surviving entity of the merger (the “BDC Merger”) and as our wholly owned subsidiary. Pursuant to the terms of the transactions described in the Merger Agreement, 4,847,910 shares of our Class B Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share (“Class B Common Stock”), were issued to former Terra BDC stockholders in connection with the BDC Merger, based on the number of outstanding shares of Terra BDC Common Stock as of October 1, 2022.
On February 13, 2026, we filed a registration statement on Form S-4 (as amended on March 12, 2026 and as may be amended from time to time, the “Registration Statement”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with registered exchange offers to exchange any and all of our outstanding 6.00% unsecured senior notes due 2026 (the “6.00% Senior Notes Due 2026”) and Terra LLC’s 7.00% unsecured senior notes due 2026 for newly issued Senior Secured Notes due 2029 by the Company. In connection with the exchange offer relating to our 6.00% Senior Notes Due 2026, we are also soliciting consents to amend the indenture governing such notes to, among other things, eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants therein, eliminate certain events of default terms and conditions and eliminate provisions related to our reporting obligations thereunder. The exchange offers and consent solicitation were scheduled to expire on March 16, 2026, unless extended. On March 12, 2026, we amended the Registration Statement to reduce the interest rate on the newly issued senior secured notes offered in the exchange offer from 9.75% to 7.00% and to extend the expiration date of the exchange offers and consent solicitation to March 26, 2026. For additional information regarding the exchange offers and consent solicitation, including the terms and conditions thereof, please refer to the Registration Statement, including the prospectus contained therein.
As previously disclosed, we continue to explore alternative liquidity transactions on an opportunistic basis to maximize stockholder value. Examples of the alternative liquidity transactions that, depending on market conditions, may be available to us include a listing of our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange, adoption of a share repurchase plan, a liquidation of our assets, a sale of our company or a strategic business combination, in each case, which may include the further
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in-kind distribution of our shares of common stock indirectly owned by certain of our affiliate funds to the ultimate investors in such affiliate funds. We cannot provide any assurance that any alternative liquidity transaction will be available or, if available, that we will pursue or be successful in completing any such alternative liquidity transaction.
One of the potential future liquidity transactions that we continue to evaluate is a “direct listing” of our Class A Common stock, $0.01 par value per share (“Class A Common Stock”), on a national securities exchange (i.e., a listing not involving a concurrent public offering of newly issued shares). If market conditions are not supportive of a direct listing that would in our view lead to a constructive trading environment for the Class A Common Stock, we will explore alternative paths to pursue our investment strategy and provide liquidity to our investors, including converting our company into a traditional “non-traded REIT.” As part of a potential conversion to a non-traded REIT, we would adopt a customary share repurchase plan pursuant to which our investors could request to have their shares of our common stock redeemed for cash.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2016. So long as we qualify as a REIT, we generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to our stockholders.
Our Manager, Mavik Capital Management, LP and Terra Capital Partners
We are externally managed by our Manager, which is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 Act, and is a subsidiary of Terra Capital Partners.
Mavik Capital Management, LP (“Mavik”), an entity controlled by Vikram S. Uppal, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, is the sole member of Terra Capital Partners. Terra Capital Partners is led by Mr. Uppal (Chief Executive Officer), Sarah Schwarzschild (Chief Operating Officer), Gregory M. Pinkus (Chief Financial Officer) and Daniel Cooperman (Chief Originations Officer). Mr. Uppal was a Partner of Axar Capital Management L.P. (“Axar Capital Management”) and its Head of Real Estate. Prior to Axar Capital Management, Mr. Uppal was a Managing Director on the Investment Team at Fortress Investment Group’s Credit and Real Estate Funds and Co-Head of North American Real Estate Investments at Mount Kellett Capital Management. Members of the Terra Capital Partners management team have broad based, long-term relationships with major financial institutions, property owners and commercial real estate service providers. The entire senior management team has held leadership roles at many top international real estate and investment banking firms, including Mount Kellett Capital Management, Fortress Investment Group and BGO Strategic Capital Partners.
Terra Capital Partners is a real estate credit focused investment manager based in New York City with a 20-year track record focused primarily on the origination and management of mezzanine loans, as well as first mortgage loans, bridge loans, and preferred equity investments in all major property types through multiple pooled investment vehicles. Since its formation in 2001 and its commencement of operations in 2002, Terra Capital Partners has been engaged in providing financing on commercial properties of all major property types throughout the United States. In the lead up to the global financial crisis in 2007, believing that the risks associated with commercial real estate markets had grown out of proportion to the potential returns from such markets, Terra Capital Partners sold 100% of its investment management interests prior to the global financial crisis. It was not until mid-2009, after its assessment that commercial mortgage markets would begin a period of stabilization and growth, that Terra Capital Partners began to sponsor new investment vehicles, which included the predecessor private partnerships, to again provide debt capital to commercial real estate markets. The financings provided by all vehicles managed by Terra Capital Partners from January 2004 through December 31, 2025 have been secured by approximately 13.9 million square feet of office properties, 3.8 million square feet of retail properties, 11.1 million square feet of industrial properties, 5,559 hotel rooms and 33,796 apartment units. The value of the properties underlying this capital was approximately $14.9 billion based on appraised values as of the closing dates of each financing. In addition to its extensive experience originating and managing debt financings, Terra Capital Partners and its affiliates owned and operated over six million square feet of office and industrial space between 2005 and 2007, and this operational experience further informs its robust origination and underwriting standards and enables our Manager to effectively operate property underlying a financing upon a foreclosure.
Our Investment Strategy
We focus on providing real estate (primarily commercial real estate) loans to creditworthy borrowers and seek to generate an attractive and consistent low volatility cash income stream. Our focus on originating debt and debt-like instruments emphasizes the payment of current returns to investors and the preservation of invested capital. From time to time, we may acquire real estate encumbering the senior loans through foreclosure, may invest in real estate related joint ventures and may directly acquire real estate properties. We also elect to make strategic non-real estate-related investments that align with our investment objectives and criteria.
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As part of our investment strategy, we:
•target middle market loans of approximately $10 million to $50 million;
•focus on the origination of new loans;
•focus on loans backed by properties in the United States;
•invest primarily in floating rate rather than fixed rate loans, but our Manager reserves the right to make debt investments that bear interest at a fixed rate;
•originate loans expected to be repaid within one to five years;
•maximize current income;
•lend to creditworthy borrowers;
•construct a portfolio that is diversified by property type, geographic location, tenancy and borrower;
•source off-market transactions;
•hold loans until maturity unless, in our Manager’s judgment, market conditions warrant earlier disposition; and
•invest in strategic non-real estate-related investments that align with our investment objectives and criteria.
Our Financing Strategy
Prior to the REIT Formation, we utilized only limited amounts of borrowings as part of our financing strategy. One of the reasons we completed the REIT Formation Transaction, as described under “—Overview,” is to expand our financing options, access to capital and capital flexibility in order to position us for future growth. We deploy moderate amounts of leverage as part of our operating strategy, which currently consists of secured and unsecured notes payable, borrowings under first mortgage financings, a term loan, and secured borrowings. We may in the future also deploy leverage through other credit facilities and senior notes and we may divide the loans we originate into senior and junior tranches and dispose of the more senior tranches as an additional means of providing financing to our business. In addition, we intend to match our use of floating rate leverage with floating rate investments.
As of December 31, 2025, we had outstanding indebtedness, consisting of unsecured notes payable of $118.8 million and secured financing of $62.0 million.
Additionally, from time to time, we may enter into participation agreements with related parties, primarily other affiliated funds managed by the Manager, and to a lesser extent, unrelated parties. The purpose of the participation agreements is to allow us and an affiliate to originate a specified loan when, individually, we do not have the liquidity to do so. We do not have direct liability to a participant under the participation agreements with respect to the underlying loan and the participants’ share of the investments is repayable only from the proceeds received from the related borrower/issuer of the investments and, therefore, the participants also are subject to credit risk (i.e., risk of default by the underlying borrower/ issuer). As our access to capital and financial flexibility has grown, our use of participation agreements has diminished. As of December 31, 2025, we had obligations under one participation agreement with an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $18.0 million.
For additional information concerning our indebtedness, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.
Targeted Assets
Real Estate-Related Investments
We originate, structure, fund and manage commercial real estate loans, including mezzanine loans, first mortgage loans, subordinated mortgage loans and preferred equity investments related to high-quality commercial real estate in the United States. We may, to the extent consistent with our qualification as a REIT, invest in our targeted assets directly or through joint
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ventures and acquire equity participations in the underlying collateral of some of such loans. Certain of our real estate-related loans require the borrower to make payments of interest on the fully committed principal amount of the loan regardless of whether the full loan amount is outstanding. We may also acquire real estate properties encumbering the first mortgage loans through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, may invest in joint ventures that own real estate properties and may directly acquire real estate properties.
We originate, structure and underwrite most, if not all, of our loans. We, in reliance on our Manager, use what we consider to be conservative underwriting criteria, and our underwriting process involves comprehensive financial, structural, operational and legal due diligence to assess the risks of financings so that we can optimize pricing and structuring. By originating, not purchasing, loans, we are able to structure and underwrite financings that satisfy our standards, utilize our proprietary documentation and establish a direct relationship with our borrower. Described below are some of the types of loans we own and seek to originate with respect to high-quality properties in the United States. We continue to see attractive lending opportunities, and we expect market conditions to remain favorable for our strategy for the foreseeable future.
First Mortgage Loans. These loans generally finance the acquisition, refinancing, rehabilitation or construction of commercial real estate. First mortgage loans may be either short-term (one to five years) or long-term (up to 10 years), may be fixed or floating rate and are predominantly current-pay loans. Our Manager originates first mortgage loans backed by high-quality properties in the United States that fit our investment strategy. Certain of our first mortgage loans finance the acquisition, rehabilitation and construction of infill land property and for these loans we target a weighted average last dollar loan-to-value of 70%. We may selectively syndicate portions of our first mortgage loans, including senior or junior participations to provide third-party financing for a portion of the loan or optimize returns which may include retained origination fees.
First mortgage loans are expected to provide for a higher recovery rate and lower defaults than other debt positions due to the lender’s senior position. However, such loans typically generate lower returns than subordinate debt such as mezzanine loans, B-notes, or preferred equity investments. As of December 31, 2025, we owned three first mortgage loans with a total net principal amount of $86.5 million, which constituted 44.9% of our net loan investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2025, we used $63.6 million of senior mortgage loans as collateral for $31.3 million of borrowings under secured financing agreements.
Subordinated Mortgage Loans (B-notes). B-notes include structurally subordinated mortgage loans and junior participations in first mortgage loans or participations in these types of assets. Like first mortgage loans, these loans generally finance the acquisition, refinancing, rehabilitation or construction of commercial real estate. B-notes may be either short-term (one to five years) or long-term (up to 10 years), may be fixed or floating rate and are predominantly current-pay loans. We may create B-notes by tranching our directly originated first mortgage loans generally through syndications of senior first mortgages or buy these loans directly from third-party originators. We believe that the opportunities to both directly originate and to buy these types of loans from third parties on favorable terms will continue to be attractive.
Investors in B-notes are compensated for the increased risk of such assets from a pricing perspective but still benefit from a mortgage lien on the related property. Investors typically receive principal and interest payments at the same time as senior debt unless a default occurs, in which case any such payments are made only after any senior debt is made whole. Rights of holders of B-notes are usually governed by participation and other agreements that, subject to certain limitations, typically provide the holders of subordinated positions of the mortgage loan with the ability to cure certain defaults and control certain decisions of holders of senior debt secured by the same properties (or otherwise exercise the right to purchase the senior debt), which provides for additional downside protection and higher recoveries. As of December 31, 2025, we did not own any B-notes.
Mezzanine Loans. These are loans secured by ownership interests in an entity that owns commercial real estate and that generally finance the acquisition, refinancing, rehabilitation or construction of commercial real estate. Mezzanine loans may be either short-term (one to five years) or long-term (up to 10 years) and may be fixed or floating rate. We may own mezzanine loans directly or we may hold a participation in a mezzanine loan or a sub-participation in a mezzanine loan. These loans generally pay interest on a specified due date (although there may be a portion of the interest that is deferred) and may, to the extent consistent with our qualification as a REIT, provide for participation in the value or cash flow appreciation of the underlying property as described below. Generally, we invest in mezzanine loans with last dollar loan-to-value ratios ranging from 60% to 85%. As of December 31, 2025, we owned two mezzanine loans with a total net principal amount of $24.7 million, which constituted 12.8% of our net loan investment portfolio.
Preferred Equity Investments. These are investments in preferred membership interests in an entity that owns commercial real estate and generally finance the acquisition, refinancing, rehabilitation or construction of commercial real estate. These investments are expected to have characteristics and returns similar to mezzanine loans. As of December 31, 2025, we owned
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four preferred equity investments with a total net principal amount of $81.3 million, which constituted 42.2% of our net loan investment portfolio.
Equity Participations. In connection with our loan investments, we may pursue equity participation opportunities, or interests in the projects being financed, in instances when we believe that the risk-reward characteristics of the loan merit additional upside participation because of the possibility of appreciation in value of the underlying properties securing the loan. Equity participations can be paid in the form of additional interest, exit fees or warrants in the borrower. Equity participation can also take the form of a conversion feature, permitting the lender to convert a loan or preferred equity investment into equity in the borrower at a negotiated premium to the current net asset value of the borrower. We expect to obtain equity participations in certain instances where the loan collateral consists of a property that is being repositioned, expanded or improved in some fashion which is anticipated to improve future cash flow. In such case, the borrower may wish to defer some portion of the debt service or obtain higher leverage than might be merited by the pricing and leverage level based on historical performance of the underlying property. We can generate additional revenues from these equity participations as a result of excess cash flows being distributed or as appreciated properties are sold or refinanced. As of December 31, 2025, we did not own any equity participations.
Operating Real Estate and Real Estate Owned. From time to time, we may acquire operating real estate properties that meet our investment criteria. As well, we may assume control of properties acquired in connection with foreclosures or deed in lieu of foreclosure. As of December 31, 2025, we owned four industrial buildings purchased in 2023. The real estate and related lease intangible assets and liabilities had a net carrying value of $47.4 million, and the mortgage loans payable encumbering the industrial buildings had an outstanding principal amount of $20.7 million.
Equity Interest in Unconsolidated Investments and Joint Ventures. We may, to the extent consistent with our qualification as a REIT, invest in our targeted assets directly or through joint ventures. As of December 31, 2025, we owned equity interest in two limited partnerships that invest in performing and non-performing mortgages, loans, mezzanines, B-notes and other credit instruments supported by underlying commercial real estate assets. We also owned beneficial equity interests in five joint ventures that invest in real estate properties and opportunistic debt and equity securities, and a preferred equity investment with residual profit sharing from sale of the underlying property. The equity interests had a total carrying value of $70.0 million as of December 31, 2025.
Other Real Estate-Related Securities. We may invest in other real estate-related securities, which may include marketable securities and securitizations, so long as such securities do not constitute more than 15% of our assets. As of December 31, 2025, we did not own any other real estate-related securities.
Non-Real Estate-Related Investments
From time to time, to the extent consistent with our qualification as a REIT for so long as we elect to be taxed as a REIT, we invest in strategic non-real estate-related investments that align with our investment objectives and criteria. As of December 31, 2025, we owned $26.2 million in non-real estate-related investments, which include equity interests in non-real estate operating companies across various industries, including life insurance and equipment financing. Non-real estate-related investments may take various forms, including preferred and common equity interests in private companies and other financial assets.
Investment Guidelines
Our Board has adopted investment guidelines, which may be amended from time to time, that set forth certain criteria for the Manger to use when evaluating specific investment opportunities as well as our overall portfolio composition. Our Board will review the Manager’s compliance with the investment guidelines periodically and receive an investment report at each quarter-end in conjunction with the review of our quarterly results by our Board.
Our Board adopted the following investment guidelines:
•no origination or acquisition shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT;
•no origination or acquisition shall be made that would cause us or any of our subsidiaries to be required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act; and
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•until appropriate investments can be identified, we may invest the proceeds of our equity or debt offerings in interest-bearing, short-term investments, including money market accounts and/or funds, that are consistent with our intention to qualify as a REIT.
These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by a majority of our Board without the approval of our stockholders.
Disposition Policies
The period we hold our investments in real estate-related loans varies depending on the type of asset, interest rates and other factors. Our Manager has developed a well-defined exit strategy for each of our investments. Our Manager continually performs a hold-sell analysis on each asset in order to determine the optimal time to hold the asset and generate optimal returns to our stockholders. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold investments for longer or shorter periods of time. We may dispose of an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions have maximized its value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in our best interests. We intend to make any such dispositions in a manner consistent with our qualification as a REIT and our desire to avoid being subject to the “prohibited transaction” penalty tax.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
REIT Qualification
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2016. We believe that we have been organized and have operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and that our manner of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet on a continuing basis, through our organization and actual investment and operating results, various requirements under the Code relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels and the diversity of ownership of shares of our stock. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we failed to qualify as a REIT. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income or property. In addition, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, a portion of our business may be conducted through, and a portion of our income may be earned with respect to, our taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”), should we decide to utilize TRSs in the future, which are subject to corporate income tax. Any distributions paid by us generally will not be eligible for taxation at the preferential U.S. federal income tax rates that currently apply to certain distributions received by individuals from taxable corporations, unless such distributions are attributable to dividends received by us from our TRSs, should we form a TRS in the future. As of December 31, 2025, we had one TRS, but the TRS had no activity and no current or deferred taxes. We will continue to file a return for the TRS until it is dissolved.
1940 Act Exclusion
We are not registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were obligated to register as an investment company, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the 1940 Act that impose, among other things:
•limitations on our capital structure and the use of leverage;
•restrictions on specified investments;
•prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and
•compliance with reporting, record keeping, and other rules and regulations that would significantly change our operations.
We conduct our operations so that neither we nor our subsidiaries are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the
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value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exclusion from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. The value of the “investment securities” held by an issuer must be less than 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets on an unconsolidated basis (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items). In addition, we conduct our operations so that neither we nor our subsidiaries will be considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act, as neither we nor our subsidiaries are engaged primarily nor do we hold ourselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, we and our subsidiaries are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses.
We and certain of our subsidiaries may at times rely primarily on the exclusion from the definition of an investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, or any other exclusions that may be available to us (other than the exclusions under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7)). Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act is available for entities primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate. This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of our portfolio must be comprised of “qualifying real estate” assets and at least 80% of our portfolio must be comprised of “qualifying real estate” assets and “real estate-related” assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). For purposes of the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion, we classify our investments based in large measure on no-action letters issued by the staff of the SEC and other SEC interpretive guidance and, in the absence of SEC guidance, on our view of what constitutes a “qualifying real estate” asset and a “real estate-related” asset. These no-action positions were issued in accordance with factual situations that may be substantially different from the factual situations we may face, and a number of these no-action letters were issued more than 25 years ago. Pursuant to this guidance, and depending on the characteristics of the specific investments, certain mortgage loans, participations in mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, mezzanine loans, joint venture investments, preferred equity and the equity securities of other entities may not constitute qualifying real estate assets and therefore our investments in these types of assets may be limited. No assurance can be given that the SEC or its staff will concur with our classification of the assets we hold for purposes of the 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion or any other exclusion or exemption under the 1940 Act. Future revisions to the 1940 Act or further guidance from the SEC or its staff may cause us to lose our exclusion from registration or force us to re-evaluate our portfolio and investment strategy. Such changes may prevent us from operating our business successfully.
In order to maintain an exclusion from registration under the 1940 Act, we may be unable to sell assets that we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional income or loss generating assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forgo opportunities to acquire assets that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our strategy.
Although we monitor our portfolio periodically and prior to each acquisition and disposition, we may not be able to maintain an exclusion from registration as an investment company. If we were required to register as an investment company, but failed to do so, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business, and legal proceedings could be instituted against us. In addition, our contracts may be unenforceable, and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business, all of which would have an adverse effect on our business.
Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), and as such, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. A number of these exemptions are not relevant to us, but we intend to take advantage of the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can use the extended transition period provided in Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This permits an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to take advantage of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.
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We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion, (ii) the date on which we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three-year period, and (iv) the end of the year in which the five year anniversary of our initial public offering of our common stock occurs.
Competition
We compete with other REITs, numerous regional and community banks, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations and other entities, and we expect that others may be organized in the future. The effect of the existence of additional REITs and other institutions may be increased competition for the available supply of our targeted assets suitable for purchase, which may cause the price for such assets to rise.
In the face of this competition, we expect to have access to our Manager’s professionals and their industry expertise, which may provide us with a competitive advantage in sourcing transactions and help us assess origination and acquisition risks and determine appropriate pricing for potential assets. The more conservative underwriting standards used by many large commercial banks and traditional providers of commercial real estate capital following the 2008 downturn has and we believe will continue to constrain the lending capacity of these institutions. However, we may not be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to the competitive risks that we face. For additional information concerning these competitive risks, see “