NASDAQ: OCGN

Additional data include:

◦Visual function benefits were consistently observed over 3 years, with 88% (7/8) of evaluable treated subjects showing improvement or preservation versus untreated fellow eyes.

◦Approximately 2-line gain (N=8) observed across multiple mutation types in treated eyes compared to untreated eyes at 3 years.

We are on track to begin a rolling BLA submission in the third quarter of 2026. Topline Phase 3 data expected in the first quarter of 2027, advancing OCU400 towards potential approval in 2027 as a treatment option for early- to late-stage RP.

•OCU410ST- We initiated dosing in GARDian3 pivotal confirmatory trial for OCU410ST for Stargardt disease ("ST") in July 2025. The OCU410ST Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory trial represents our second late-stage clinical program. We plan to submit a BLA for OCU410ST in the first half of 2027 in alignment with our strategic goal of filing three BLAs over the next three years. In November 2024, the EMA granted orphan medicinal product designation ("OMPD") for OCU410ST for the treatment of ABCA4-associated retinopathies (>1200 mutations) including ST, RP 19, and CORD3. In May 2025, we announced that the FDA granted Rare Pediatric Disease Designation (RPDD) for OCU410ST for the treatment of ABCA4-associated retinopathies including ST, retinitis pigmentosa 19 ("RP19"), and cone-rod dystrophy 3 ("CORD3"). In June 2025, we announced that the FDA has cleared the Investigational New Drug ("IND") amendment to initiate a Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory trial of OCU410ST, a modifier gene therapy candidate being developed for all ST (ABCA4-associated retinopathies). In August, 2025, we announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of EMA reviewed the study design, endpoints and planned statistical analysis of the ongoing pivotal confirmatory OCU410ST Phase 2/3 GARDian3 clinical trial for ST and provided acceptability of a single U.S.-based trial for submission of a Marketing Authorization Application ("MAA"). The Phase 2/3 GARDian3 trial is progressing as planned with anticipated enrollment completion in early 2026.

In January 2026, the Company announced publication of Phase 1 GARDian1 Trial results for OCU410ST. The study supports the favorable safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of OCU410ST and its potential to provide clinically meaningful functional and structural benefits in ST patients.

The OCU410ST Phase 1 clinical trial demonstrates that atrophic lesions grew slower by 54% at 12 months for evaluable treated subjects when compared to untreated fellow eyes. In the secondary endpoint- Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), treated eyes showed an improvement with 1-line (6 ETDRS Letter) gain in the visual acuity when compared to untreated fellow eyes. Additionally, 100% of evaluable treated eyes demonstrated stabilization or

improvement vs. untreated eyes in visual function. In evaluable subjects (N=6) ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss rate was 116% slower in OCU410ST-treated eyes compared to untreated fellow eyes at 12 months, demonstrating preservation or stabilization in photoreceptor integrity. The untreated eyes showed expected decline in atrophy.

•OCU410- We completed dosing in Phase 2 of the Phase 1/2 ArMaDa clinical trial for OCU410 for the treatment of geographic atrophy ("GA"), an advanced form of dAMD. Positive preliminary efficacy and safety data from the Phase 1 dose-escalation portion of the OCU410 Phase 1/2 ArMaDa clinical trial included: no drug-related serious adverse events ("SAEs"),reduced lesion growth, preservation of retinal tissue, and—most importantly—there was a positive effect on the functional visual measure of low LLVA. In March 2025, OCU410 and OCU410ST received ATMP classification from the EMA.

We shared encouraging 12-month Phase 1 and 2 ArMaDa results for OCU410 in January 2026, including a 20.2% relative reduction in GA lesion from baseline as an early efficacy signal for slowing GA progression in Phase 1 subjects. Interim first time Phase 2 data (covering ~50% of subjects) demonstrated 46% reduction in lesion growth in treatment group (combined high and medium doses) compared to control in 12 month follow up analysis. In a subgroup of patients (N=14, subjects with ≥7.5 mm2 at baseline) showed 57% greater reduction in lesion size compared to control (across doses). No OCU410-related serious adverse events or adverse events of special interest were reported across the Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In evaluable subjects (N=7) ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss was 60% slower in OCU410-treated eyes compared to untreated fellow eyes at 12 months, EZ-RPE complex loss was reduced in treated eyes versus fellow eyes, demonstrating photoreceptor + RPE preservation. In addition, OCU410 treatment demonstrated a 20.2% reduction in sqrt geographic atrophy lesion growth at 12 months compared to untreated fellow eyes.

OCU410 and OCU410ST are being developed utilizing the RORA (RAR Related Orphan Receptor A) gene for the treatment of GA secondary to dAMD and ST, respectively. OCU410is a potential one-time, curative therapy with a single sub-retinal injection that targets multiple pathways associated with AMD pathogenesis, in contrast to products currently approved or under development that treat only one cause of GA, require multiple injections per year, and have safety considerations. OCU410ST has received ODD from the FDA and OMPD from the EMA for the treatment of ABCA4-associated retinopathies (>1200 mutations) including ST, RP19, and cone-rod dystrophy 3 (CORD3), and has the potential to be the first approved therapy to treat ST.

OCU410ST/OCU410 utilizes a first-in-class modifier gene therapy approach by delivering the human RORA gene to diseased retinal tissue via subretinal AAV5 delivery. RORA modulates lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation key drivers of retinal degeneration that restores retinal homeostasis by offering a unique four-way disease-modifying potential.

Currently, there is significant economic burden of vision loss diseases in the US. ST and GA are major contributors to vision loss. OCU410 has the potential to reduce treatment costs, prevent vision-related disability, and ease the broader healthcare and societal burden driven by structural and functional vision loss.

In February 2025, we announced that alignment has been reached with the FDA to move forward with a Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory clinical trial for OCU410ST which can be the basis of a BLA submission. The GARDian3 Phase 2/3 clinical trial will randomize 51 subjects, 34 of whom will receive a single, subretinal, 200-μL injection of OCU410ST at a concentration of 1.5x1011 vector genomes(vg)/mL in the eye with worse visual acuity, and 17 of whom will serve as untreated controls. The primary endpoint in the clinical trial is change in atrophic lesion size. Secondary endpoints include visual acuity as measured by best corrected visual acuity and LLVA compared to untreated controls. One-year data will be utilized for the BLA filing. The Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory trial has adaptive design with sample size re-estimation. When 24 subjects in the study (16 in treatment group and 8 in control group) complete their 8-month clinical assessments, a masked interim analysis is planned. OCU410ST is intended for early to advanced cases of ST. The masked interim analysis for the OCU410ST Phase 2/3 GARDian3 trial in Stargardt disease is on track as planned for mid-2026 for 24 subjects (16 treated, 8 controls).

The latest data from the OCU410ST Phase 1 clinical trial demonstrates that atrophic lesions grew slower by 54% at 12 months for evaluable treated subjects when compared to untreated fellow eyes. In the secondary endpoint- Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), treated eyes showed an improvement with 1-line (6ETDRS Letter) gain in the visual acuity when compared to untreated fellow eyes. Additionally, 100% of evaluable treated eyes demonstrated stabilization or improvement vs. untreated eyes in visual function. The Phase 2/3 GARDian3 trial is progressing ahead of schedule with anticipated enrollment completion in the first quarter of 2026, targeting the BLA filing in the first half of 2027.

In January 2026, the Company announced publication of Phase I GARDian1 Trial results for OCU410ST reporting comprehensive 12-month safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy data from the first-in-human Phase 1 trial evaluating OCU410ST in patients with early to advanced ST. The Phase 1 GARDian1 trial at 12 months demonstrated robust efficacy and safety outcomes supporting the clinical development of OCU410ST including no drug-related serious adverse events (SAEs). In evaluable subjects (N=6) ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss rate was 116% slower in OCU410ST-treated eyes compared to

untreated fellow eyes at 12 months, demonstrating preservation or stabilization in photoreceptor integrity. The untreated eyes showed expected decline in atrophy.

Positive preliminary efficacy and safety data from the OCU410 Phase 2 ArMaDa clinical trial at 12 months demonstrated no drug-related serious adverse events (SAEs). In evaluable subjects in Phase 1 ArMaDa clinical trial (N=7) ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss was 60% slower in OCU410-treated eyes compared to untreated fellow eyes at 12 months, EZ-RPE complex loss was reduced in treated eyes versus fellow eyes, demonstrating photoreceptor + RPE preservation. In addition, OCU410 treatment demonstrated a 20.2% reduction in geographic atrophy lesion growth at 12 months compared to untreated fellow eyes. Positive preliminary efficacy and safety data from the OCU410 Phase 2 ArMaDa clinical trial at 12 months demonstrated no drug-related serious adverse events (SAEs), 46% lesion growth reduction (medium + high dose vs. control; p=0.015; N=23) at 12 months, medium dose achieved 54% lesion reduction (p=0.02; N=10) vs. high dose 36% (p=0.05; N=8) compared to control, 50% responder rate with patients achieving >50% lesion size reduction vs. control, and a subgroup of patients (N=14, subjects with ≥7.5 mm2 at baseline) showed 57% greater reduction in lesion size compared to control (across doses).

Other Programs —

•Novel Biologic Therapy for Retinal Diseases — OCU200 is a novel recombinant fusion protein consisting of two human proteins, tumstatin and transferrin. OCU200 possesses unique features which potentially enable it to treat vascular complications of diabetic macular edema ("DME"), diabetic retinopathy ("DR"), and wet age-related macular degeneration ("AMD"). Tumstatin is the active component of OCU200 and binds to integrin receptors, which play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis. Transferrin is expected to facilitate the targeted delivery of tumstatin into the retina and choroid and potentially help increase the interaction between tumstatin and integrin receptors. The first subject was dosed in the OCU200 multicenter open label Phase 1 clinical trial in January 2025 and enrollment is expected to be completed during the first quarter of 2026.

•Regenerative Medicine Cell Therapy Platform — Our Phase 3-ready regenerative cell therapy platform technology, which includes NeoCart (autologous chondrocyte-derived neocartilage), is being developed for the repair of knee cartilage injuries in adults. We received concurrence from the FDA on the confirmatory Phase 3 trial design and have completed renovating an existing facility into a current GMP facility to support clinical study and initial commercial launch. This facility is needed to generate patient-specific NeoCart implant from chondrocytes derived from knee biopsy. During 2025, we transferred the assets related to our NeoCart product candidate to OrthoCellix, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocugen, Inc. ("OrthoCellix").

•Inhaled Mucosal Vaccine Platform — Our next-generation, inhaled mucosal vaccine platform includes OCU500, a COVID-19 vaccine; OCU510, a seasonal quadrivalent flu vaccine; and OCU520, a combination quadrivalent seasonal flu and COVID-19 vaccine. We have completed IND-enabling studies and GMP manufacturing of clinical trial material for OCU500. In January 2025, we announced that the Investigational New Drug ("IND") application is in effect, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ("NIAID"), part of the National Institutes of Health ("NIH") intends to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial for OCU500. The NIAID intends to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial in the second quarter of 2026.

OUR STRATEGY

We are a late stage biotechnology company addressing major blindness diseases with our novel modifier gene therapy and are dedicated to bringing these potential game-changing therapies to market and provide access to patients globally. Key elements of the strategy we employ to accomplish this mission include

•Continuing to advance our modifier gene therapy platform through clinical development.

We are developing our modifier early-to-advanced gene therapy platform, inclusive of OCU400, OCU410, and OCU410ST, for the treatment of multiple IRDs, including RP, ST and multifactorial diseases such as GA, the advanced form of dAMD. We completed enrollment of 140 subjects in the Phase 3 liMeliGhT clinical trial for OCU400 for the treatment of RP. Both OCU410 and OCU410ST studies have completed the low, medium, and high dose cohorts in the Phase 1 with OCU410 completing dosing in the Phase 2 part of the Phase 1/2 trials. OCU410ST received FDA clearance in June 2025 to initiate a Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory trial and enrollment is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2026 and interim analysis is planned for mid-2026.

•Expanding and exploring partnerships with current and future key collaborators and commercial partners to maximize patient access, global reach, and the value of our product candidates.

We intend to explore strategic licensing, acquisition, and collaboration opportunities with qualified partners to maximize the potential benefit of our product candidates for patients globally and to expand our product candidate pipeline to support our future growth.

COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS

Our key competitive strengths include:

•Platform Gene Therapy Technology.

◦Our cutting-edge modifier gene therapy platform provides a competitive advantage compared to traditional approaches for gene therapy, such as gene augmentation, replacement or editing. This platform technology utilizes nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) genes, transcription factors, which promotes homeostasis – a balanced physiological state within cells. Our OCU400 modifier gene therapy product candidate can address >100 gene mutations associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) disease. In contrast, the traditional approach generally can address only one gene mutation at a time with single product. Our OCU410 modifier gene therapy product candidate has potential to treat both genetic (e.g. ST) as well as complex multifactorial disease (e.g., advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), or Geographic Atrophy). These are potential one-time therapies and have the potential to treat large patient populations for life.

•Other Platform Technologies in Development

◦Our 3D tissue engineering platform technology utilizes state-of-the-art bioreactor which can be used to produce native cartilage-like tissues for implantation. Our first product candidate based on this platform technology, NeoCart, is an autologous cartilage tissue–engineered implant designed for use in repair of articular cartilage injuries in the knee. In contrast to the approved cell-matrix based product, NeoCart showed rapid healing and durable benefit in clinical studies.

◦Our inhaled vaccine platform technology utilizes combination of ChAd vector technology and inhalation delivery technology, which can be utilized for vaccine development for various respiratory diseases. The OCU500 vaccine series is based on a novel ChAd platform designed to reduce transmission and protect against new variants with long-term durability. The inhaled method offers the potential for broad, durable protection from severe disease and reduction in transmission.

•Experienced Management Team and Esteemed Scientific and Business Advisory Boards. Our management team and key advisors have extensive experience with a proven track record of success in developing, launching, and managing the life cycle of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines at leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Our retina and vaccine scientific advisory boards are composed of leading academic and industry experts with extensive experience in the ocular and infectious disease fields. Our business advisory board members have been selected based on their extensive professional backgrounds and proven track record of creating partnerships among the public and private sector. We believe that the experience of our management team, our scientific advisory board members, business advisory board, and our broad network of relationships with leaders within the industry and the medical

community provides us with insight into the identification of product candidate opportunities as well as supports us in advancing the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

•Key Partnerships and Internal Capabilities. We have established a partnership with CanSino Biologics, Inc. ("CanSinoBIO") for our modifier gene therapy platform. CanSinoBIO has state-of-the-art facilities and proven expertise in the gene therapy field, which is critical to advancing our gene therapy product candidates into and through clinical trials as well as accelerating development timelines, reducing our associated costs, and increasing the reliability of our product candidate manufacturing. We have a state-of-the-art R&D center to support innovation and development of our product pipeline through commercialization. Our renovated GMP facility is designed to support manufacturing of cell and gene therapy-based products for clinical development as well as commercial launch. Our R&D, clinical, regulatory, quality and manufacturing teams consist of experienced, highly qualified researchers and industry professionals from top institutional and leading companies, which help drive pipeline development with greater efficiency.

•Product Designations. OCU400 has received ODD from the FDA for RP and LCA as well as been granted a RMAT designation from the FDA for the treatment of RP associated with NR2E3 and RHO mutations. OCU400 has also received OMPD from the EC, based on the recommendation of the EMA, for RP and LCA. These designations demonstrate the potential broad-spectrum application of OCU400, through its use of NHRs, to treat the more than 100 genes associated with RP and LCA with one product rather than developing individual treatments for each gene mutation. OCU410ST has received ODD from the FDA for the treatment of ABCA4-associated retinopathies, including ST. OCU410ST has also received OMPD from the EMA, for the treatment of ABCA4-associated retinopathies including Stargardt, RP19 and CORD3 diseases. NeoCart, our regenerative medicine cell therapy technology, was granted RMAT designation from the FDA for the repair of knee cartilage injuries in adults. The RMAT designation was created to expedite the development and review of regenerative medicine therapies intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious condition.

•Licensing and Development Arrangements and Intellectual Property Portfolio. We have licensing and development arrangements with leading companies, academic institutions, and medical institutions that cover our product candidates. These licensing and development arrangements include the licensing agreement with The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Inc. ("SERI"), an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, through which we acquired the technology used in our modifier gene therapy platform as well as access to technologies for other NHR genes, the license agreement (as amended, the "WU License Agreement") with Washington University in St. Louis ("Washington University") with respect to mucosal COVID-19 vaccines in the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Australia, China, and Hong Kong (the "Mucosal Vaccine Territory"), and the license agreement with the University of Colorado ("CU") pursuant to which we acquired rights to the transferrin-tumstatin fusion protein technology used in our OCU200 product candidate. As of February 24, 2026, our global intellectual property portfolio contains 80 patents and 66 pending patent applications related to composition of matter, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of use for our product candidates, and other proprietary technology including those under our licensing and development arrangements. We will leverage these domestic and global partnerships and our intellectual property portfolio to advance our near- and long-term product pipeline opportunities.

OUR NOVEL MODIFIER GENE THERAPY PLATFORM AND GENE THERAPY PRODUCT CANDIDATES

We are developing our modifier gene therapy platform, inclusive of OCU400, OCU410, and OCU410ST for the treatment of multiple IRDs, such as RP, ST and multifactorial diseases such as dAMD and GA. Our modifier gene therapy platform is a cutting-edge technology licensed from SERI, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, and involves the targeted delivery and expression of one or more NHRs in the disease tissues and is designed to introduce a functional gene to modify the expression of multiple genes and gene-networks, which potentially enables it to address multiple retinal diseases with one product.

Overview of RP and Current Treatment Options

IRDs are caused by genetic mutations that are passed down within families and lead to progressive disease, severe visual impairment, and blindness. They are a diverse disease class with large phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. IRDs are a common cause of irreversible blindness due to retinal cell degeneration. Treating these conditions has been a significant challenge due to the sheer volume of potential therapeutic gene targets. Gene replacement therapy is a promising approach to provide sustained restoration of normal retinal function for a mutated gene, but such therapies can only address one gene at a time, limiting their potential therapeutic use. Developing a custom gene therapy for each of the more than 100 mutated genes linked to RP would not only be expensive but also may not be possible due to size, class, or localization that will impact

delivery of the gene. Not all genes and disease expressions are amenable to gene therapy. For example, the genetic mutations of approximately 40% of RP patients remain unknown with few or no known therapeutic options available. Modifier gene therapy to ameliorate multiple forms of RP without requiring knowledge of the mutated gene, may provide a potentially robust and feasible treatment for RP.

RP is the most common IRD involving photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium ("RPE"). RP is a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina. RP affects approximately 310,000 individuals in the United States, Europe, and Canada. In RP, progressive retinal degeneration starts in the mid-periphery and advances toward the macula and the fovea. The fovea is the part of the retina that is responsible for sharp central vision. Common symptoms of RP include difficulty seeing in poor lighting or in the dark, loss of central vision or side (peripheral) vision, and difficulty reading print and deciphering detailed images. RP is associated with over 100 mutated genes that affect about 1.6 million to 2 million individuals worldwide. RP is heterogeneous and varies greatly in age of onset, rate of progression, and even genetic etiology, yet all of the mutations lead to a common pathology of photoreceptor cell degeneration.

There is currently no approved treatment that slows or stops the progression of multiple forms of RP. Proposed treatments for RP include gene-replacement therapy, retinal implant devices, retinal transplantation, stem cells, vitamin therapy, and other pharmacological treatments. While gene-replacement therapies may provide a new functional gene, they do not necessarily eliminate the underlying genetic defect, which may still cause stress and toxic effects. Therefore, the development of gene specific replacement therapy is highly challenging, especially when multiple and unknown genes are involved.

OCU400 for IRDs

OCU400 is our first product candidate being developed with our modifier gene therapy platform. OCU400 has the potential to restore retinal integrity and function across a range of genetically diverse IRDs. OCU400 consists of a functional copy of the retina-specific NHR gene, NR2E3, delivered to target cells in the retina using an AAV5 vector that has the potential to be used as a gene therapeutic not only for the treatment of retinal diseases associated with mutations in genes such as NR2E3, RHO, and PDE6ß, but also other gene mutations associated with RP. As a potent modifier gene, expression of NR2E3 may help reset retinal cell homeostasis, metabolism, and visual cycle function (Figure 9). OCU400 has received ODD for RP and LCA, a RMAT designation to OCU400 for the treatment of RP associated with NR2E3 and RHO, and OMPD from the EC, based on the recommendation of the EMA, for RP and LCA. We believe these broad ODD, RMAT, and OMPD designations demonstrate that OCU400 has the potential to be a broad-spectrum therapeutic to treat RP. These ODD, RMAT, and OMPD designations represent gene-agnostic broad coverage for RP and is not mutation-specific designations.

Figure 9: Mechanism of our modifier gene therapy.

Figure 9 demonstrates the mechanism of our modifier gene therapy in a preclinical model. In single-gene replacement therapies such as gene augmentation, only the non-functional gene is targeted. and accordingly, this therapy cannot improve a multitude of disease-causing genetic defects. In our modifier gene therapy platform, a functional gene of the retina-specific NHR gene, NR2E3, is introduced to modify the expression of many genes and gene networks and restore homeostasis. In the above figure, overexpression of NR2E3 restores the structure of the outer nuclear layer as seen in the treated mice, when compared to untreated Rho-/- miceOS= Outer Segments, ONL= Outer Nuclear Layer, INL= Inner Nuclear Layer, OPL= Outer Plexiform Layer, GCL= Ganglion Cell Layer.

Phase 3 clinical trial enrollment is complete and 140 subjects are enrolled. We remain on track to begin the rolling BLA submission in the third quarter of 2026 with Phase 3 top line data expected to be published in the first quarter of 2027.

Novel Modifier Gene Therapy Platform Based on the Use of NHRs

NHRs are intracellular receptors that regulate gene expression, acting as master regulator genes in the retina. NHRs play a vital role in regulating retinal cell development, maturation, metabolism, visual cycle function, survival, and maintaining the cellular and molecular homeostasis in retinal tissues. Our modifier gene therapy platform is designed to target NHRs to potentially provide therapeutic benefit to patients suffering from genetically diverse IRDs. The use of genetic modifiers represents a broadened means of potentially treating a variety of retinal degenerative diseases, as compared to single-gene replacement therapy. While single-gene replacement therapies have shown tremendous promise in rare retinal diseases, they are highly specific and cannot improve a multitude of disease-causing genetic defects. Our modifier gene therapy platform has the potential to restore retinal integrity and function across a range of genetically diverse IRDs and other degenerative retinal diseases providing us with significant potential long-term value.

Our modifier gene therapy platform encompasses the targeted delivery and expression of certain NHRs that are expressed naturally in retinal tissue. Preclinical studies have shown that NR2E3, a member of the NHR family, is a dual activator and repressor that, with other transcription factors, modulates cell fate and differentiation of rod and cone photoreceptor cells, specialized cells for detecting light, in the eye. Disease outcome is a result of a primary mutation as well as modifier alleles. NR2E3 is a master regulator of several key pathways in retinal development and function. NR2E3 potentially prevents and rescues degenerating retina by resetting the homeostatic state of key gene networks in the presence of a primary mutation.

The delivery of Nr2e3 in a mouse lacking a functional Nr2e3 gene restored the retina structure and function. We believe that NR2E3 may partially or fully rescue photoreceptors from degeneration in patients with IRDs and improve patients' vision. It was also demonstrated preclinically that RORA offers a protective allele in AMD where the loss of photoreceptor cells leads to blindness. NR2E3 regulates the expression of both Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group D Member 1 ("NR1D1") and RORA. Thus, the nuclear receptors work in overlapping networks to modulate normal retinal development and function. These receptors impact gene expression of hundreds of genes and numerous networks and, as such, may be potent modifiers of retinal disease and degeneration.

OCU400 Phase 3 Clinical Study Overview

In April 2024, the FDA cleared our IND amendment to initiate a Phase 3 liMeliGhT clinical trial of OCU400 for RP. OCU400 is the first potential novel modifier gene therapy program to enter Phase 3 with a broad RP indication. This Phase 3 trial enrollment is complete and enrolled 140 subjects, distributed 2:1 (treatment: control) representing early- to late-stage subjects among a broad RP population, including pediatrics (3+ years). Subjects will be followed for a year after dosing for primary end point analyses. In the Phase 1/2 OCU400 clinical trial a MLMT scale was the primary functional endpoint. For the Phase 3 OCU400 clinical trial, an updated mobility course will be used, Luminance Dependent Navigation Assessment ("LDNA") that includes a wider range of light intensity (0.04-500 Lux) and Lux Levels (0-9) with a uniform correlation between Lux level and Lux intensity.

OCU400 Phase 1/2 Clinical Study Results

In January 2025, we announced positive two-year long term data across multiple mutations from the Phase 1/2 clinical trial of OCU400, which demonstrated a durable and statistically significant (p=0.005) improvement in visual function (LLVA) in all evaluable treated subjects at two years when compared to untreated eyes. 100% (10/10) of treated evaluable subjects demonstrated improvement or preservation in visual function compared to untreated eyes. Also, treated eyes with multiple mutations and RHO subjects demonstrated a statistically significant (p=0.005) improvement in visual function when compared to untreated eyes.

In the Phase 1/2 OCU400-101 study, a total of 22 subjects aged nine to 77 years, male and female, received OCU400 subretinal injection in three dose levels of up to 300 µL. All subjects had a confirmed molecular diagnosis of either a biallelic autosomal recessive NR2E3 mutations, or autosomal dominant NR2E3 mutation, or autosomal dominant RHO mutations or CEP290 mutation. In continuation of the preliminary analyses update, we announced an update for 18 participants. The positive trial update demonstrated that OCU400 continued to be generally safe and well-tolerated in subjects across different mutations and dose levels. Positive long-term, 3-year Phase 1/2 durable, safety and tolerability data for OCU400 demonstrate sustained clinically meaningful, approximately 2-line LLVA gain, reinforcing durable gene-agnostic benefits. Positive long-term, 3-year Phase 1/2 data for OCU400 were recently assessed in evaluable subjects and builds on prior 2-year results showing consistent clinically meaningful, approximately 2-line LLVA gain across mutations. OCU400 maintained a favorable durability, safety and tolerability profile with no new treatment-related serious adverse events or adverse events of interest emerged.

Additional data include:

◦Visual function benefits were consistently observed over 3 years, with 88% (7/8) of evaluable treated subjects showing improvement or preservation versus untreated fellow eyes.

◦Approximately 2-line gain (N=8) observed across multiple mutation types in treated eyes compared to untreated eyes at 3 years.

We are on track to begin a rolling BLA submission in the third quarter of 2026. Topline Phase 3 data expected in the first quarter of 2027, advancing OCU400 towards potential approval in 2027 as a treatment option for early- to late-stage RP.

The efficacy for the Phase 1/2 clinical trial of OCU400 was evaluated in the overall studies. 89% (16/18) of treated subjects demonstrated stabilization or improvement in one or more visual function measures (BCVA or LLVA, or Mobility Test).

•Functional vision: 78% (14/18) of subjects demonstrated preservation or improvement in Mobility Test performance, reflecting improved outcomes to peripheral vision due to OCU400 treatment and the subject's ability to see in low-light conditions.

•RHO mutation subgroup: 80% (8/10) of subjects carrying RHO mutations demonstrated stabilization or improvement in the Mobility Test, consistent with the therapy’s gene-agnostic mechanism of action.

o Mobility Test improvements:

o At 12 months, treated eyes in the intent-to-treat (ITT) subgroup demonstrated meaningful improvements in functional vision.

o 62.5% (5/8) of evaluable subjects achieved a ≥2 Lux level improvement in the Mobility Test following OCU400 treatment.

o The ITT subgroup included non-sentinel subjects, Subjects with AD-NR2E3 mutations, and subjects with a ceiling effect who could not be further evaluated for Mobility Test gains due to limitations in the multi-luminance mobility test assessment.

o Treated eyes showed a mean improvement of approximately 10 seconds in Mobility Test completion time compared with untreated eyes (p=0.031).

These findings demonstrate enhanced functional performance under low-luminance conditions and support the gene-agnostic efficacy of OCU400.

Durability at 24 Months:

o Long-term follow-up data at 24 months demonstrated sustained functional benefit, with statistically significant improvement in LLVA (p=0.005)

o 100% of treated subjects maintaining or improving visual function compared to baseline.

Overview of dAMD and Stargardt Disease and Current Treatment Options

dAMD is attributed to the thinning of the macula of the retina, which leads to impairment and loss of central vision. The macula is the part of the retina responsible for clear vision in one's direct line of sight. dAMD is characterized by the thickening and loss of normal architecture within the Bruch's membrane, lipofuscin accumulation in the RPE, and drusen formation beneath the RPE in the Bruch's membrane. These deposits consist of complement components, other inflammatory molecules, lipids, lipoproteins B and E, and glycoproteins. Common risk factors for dAMD include genetics, smoking, nutrition and vitamin deficiency, and heart disease. dAMD, which affects over 266 million individuals worldwide, involves the slow deterioration of the retina with submacular drusen (small white or yellow dots on the retina), atrophy, loss of macular function, and central vision impairment. Common symptoms of dAMD include visual distortions, reduced central vision in one or both eyes, increased difficulty adapting to low levels of light, and a well-defined blind spot in one's field of vision. GA is an advanced form of dAMD that affects approximately two to three million people in the United States and Europe and eight million people worldwide. GA involves several biological factors and pathways, including lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of the complement system. The currently approved treatments for GA only focus on the complement system with limited treatment benefits.

Similarly, ST is a rare genetic eye disorder that causes retinal degeneration and ultimately leads to loss of central vision. It is the most common form of inherited macular degeneration, affecting approximately 0.1 million people in the United States and Europe. ST happens when lipofuscin, a fatty yellow pigment, accumulates on the macula, which leads to the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells in the macula and ultimately leads to progressive central vision loss. The photoreceptor cells convert light into electrical signals, which are then sent to the brain where they are processed to create the images we see. ST is usually caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This gene affects how a person's body uses vitamin A. The body uses vitamin A to make cells in the retina. Common symptoms of ST include gray, black, or hazy spots in one's central vision, sensitivity to light, increased time for eyes to adjust between light and dark places, color blindness, and gradual central vision loss in both eyes. Currently no treatment options exist to address all four disease pathways

related to dAMD or reverse or slow the progression of ST, and accordingly, there remains a significant unmet medical need for these ocular diseases.

OCU410 and OCU410ST for the Treatment of Dry AMD and Stargardt Disease

We are developing OCU410 and OCU410ST for the treatment of dAMD and ST, respectively. OCU410 and OCU410ST utilize an AAV delivery platform for the retinal delivery of the RORA gene. RORA regulated gene networks are relevant in the treatment of dAMD and ST. RORA reduces oxidative stress, limits lipofuscin deposits, reduces chronic inflammation, regulates complement activation, and improves choroidal blood flow. Gene variants of the ABCA4 gene are associated with both AMD and ST. ST is usually caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene. This gene transports oxidized retinol compounds from photoreceptors to RPE cells for detoxification. In mice models, ABCA4 -/- displayed low levels of CD59. A cell-surface glycoprotein, CD59, prevents the formation of the complement membrane attack complex.

In February 2025, we announced that alignment has been reached with the FDA to move forward with a Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory clinical trial for OCU410ST which, if positive, can be the basis of a BLA submission. The Phase 2/3 clinical trial will randomize 51 subjects, 34 of whom will receive a single, subretinal, 200-μL injection of OCU410ST at a concentration of 1.5 x 1011 vector genomes (vg)/mL in the eye with worse visual acuity, and 17 of whom will serve as untreated controls. The primary endpoint in the clinical trial is change in atrophic lesion size. Secondary endpoints include visual acuity as measured by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and LLVA compared to untreated controls. One-year data will be utilized for the BLA filing. In March 2025, we announced that the EC has provided a positive opinion from the EMA Committee for Advanced Therapies for OCU410 and OCU410ST ATMP classification.

OTHER PROGRAMS

NOVEL BIOLOGIC PRODUCT CANDIDATE FOR RETINAL DISEASES

We are developing OCU200, which is a novel fusion protein containing parts of human transferrin and tumstatin. OCU200 is designed to treat DME, DR, and Wet AMD. We have completed the technology transfer of manufacturing processes to our CDMO and have produced trial materials to initiate a Phase 1 trial. The Phase 1 clinical trial will assess the unilateral intravitreal administration of OCU200 alone or in combination with an approved anti-VEGF therapy in participants with DME. This is a multicenter, open-label, dose ranging trial with three cohorts in the dose-escalation portion of the trial. The first subject was dosed in the OCU200 multicenter open label Phase 1 clinical trial in January 2025, and enrollment is expected to be completed during the first quarter of 2026.

Overview of DR and DME

DR is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes arising from the over-accumulation of glucose, which can block blood vessels in the retina and cut off blood supply, leading to the damage of blood vessels in the retina. DR is classified into two subtypes: non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR. Non-proliferative DR is the early stage of DR wherein blood vessels are unable to grow, blood vessel walls weaken, and nerve fibers in the retina may swell. Proliferative DR is the advanced stage of DR in which damaged blood vessels close off, leading to the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. This growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina can lead to scar tissue, which can result in the detachment of the retina from the back of the eye.

Complications from DR could lead to DME. In DME, bulges can protrude from the blood vessel walls, leading to the leakage of fluid and blood into the retina. This leakage results in swelling, or "edema," in the macula, which is a part of the retina. DME may occur at any stage of DR but is more likely to occur as the disease progresses. DME is the most common reason for vision loss in patients with DR.

DR and DME are the most common vision-threatening diseases in patients with diabetes. Approximately 162 million individuals are affected with DR and approximately 21 million with DME worldwide. As the population of people experiencing diabetes increases, these statistics are expected to increase, due to poor disease management, lifestyle-related changes and the aging population. There are limited treatment options available for patients with DR and DME. Current first-line treatments for DR and DME include the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor ("VEGF") therapy and anti-inflammatory therapy, such as corticosteroids. These treatments do not work effectively in approximately 50% of patients with DME. There is a significant need to develop a novel, differentiated therapeutic to treat DR and DME.

Additionally, current therapies target only one pathway associated with DR and DME, either angiogenesis (development of new blood vessels) with anti-VEGF therapy, such as Ranibizumab or Aflibercept, or inflammation in case of corticosteroid therapy,

such as Dexamethasone or Fluocinolone. The development of a therapeutic which targets multiple causative pathways of DR and DME, such as angiogenesis, oxidation, and inflammation, would offer a potential treatment option for all patients. We believe that OCU200 possesses unique characteristics to target these pathways and has the potential to offer better treatment options for all patients with DR and DME.

Overview of Wet AMD

OCU200 also has the potential to represent a better treatment option for patients suffering from Wet AMD. Most AMD cases begin as dAMD and may progress towards the advanced "Wet" form. Wet AMD is caused by abnormal blood vessels in the retina that leak fluid or blood into the macula. The result can be irreversible damage to photoreceptor cells and rapid, severe vision loss, particularly in the center of the field of vision, causing significant functional impairment. If left untreated, neovascularization in Wet AMD patients typically results in significant vision loss and the formation of a scar under the macula. Wet AMD affects approximately 10-15% of patients with AMD but progresses more rapidly and is known to be responsible for approximately 90% of all AMD-related blindness.

AMD is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The incidence of Wet AMD increases substantially with age, and it is expected that the number of cases of Wet AMD will increase with the growth of the elderly population. It has been estimated that approximately 20-30 million individuals worldwide suffer from Wet AMD.

Current FDA approved therapeutics for Wet AMD include intravitreal injection of either Ranibizumab or Aflibercept, which are anti-VEGF therapies. Though treatments have been effective in mitigating the disease symptoms, clinical studies suggest substantial limitations remain. For example, a significant percentage of people do not respond to therapy and experience continuous deterioration of their vision. Additionally, the repeated use of anti-VEGF therapy becomes less effective over time. Between 30-50% of people affected by Wet AMD continue to have fluid remain in the middle of the eye, also called the subretinal space, even after one to two years of treatment.

Given the above limitations of these existing treatments, we believe that a substantial unmet medical need exists for the treatment of DR, DME, and Wet AMD.

OCU200 for the Treatment of DR, DME, and Wet AMD

OCU200 is a novel recombinant fusion protein containing parts of human transferrin and tumstatin, that are already present normally in retinal tissues. Patients affected by these diseases share common symptoms, such as blurriness in vision and continued vision loss through disease progression. The formation of fragile and leaky new abnormal blood vessels leads to fluid accumulation in and around the retina, causing vision damage.

We believe OCU200 possesses unique features to efficiently target retina and choroid and inhibit vascular leakage and/or growth of new blood vessels. Tumstatin, which acts as an anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative agent, is the active component of OCU200. It binds to integrin receptors, which play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis. Transferrin is expected to enhance the delivery of fused proteins across cellular barriers, including retinal barriers. OCU200 is designed to address the limitations of current therapies by targeting multiple mechanisms associated with ocular neovascularization and inflammation specifically focusing on non-responders to currently available treatment options.

A proof-of-concept study involving different animal models demonstrated the therapeutic potential of OCU200 in the treatment of DR, DME, and Wet AMD. In an animal model for DME and DR (oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice), OCU200, at a significantly lower dose (10 micrograms per eye), was comparable to existing approved anti-VEGF therapy (Eylea, 20 micrograms per eye) in preventing disease manifestation and progression. Studies in animal models for Wet AMD (laser induced choroidal neovascularization in mice and rats) suggest that OCU200 may possess comparable or slightly better activity compared to anti-VEGF control groups in preventing the formation and growth of new leaky blood vessels and subsequently disease symptoms. We believe that OCU200's distinct mechanism of action by targeting the integrin pathway could potentially provide benefit to patients, particularly to those patients that do not respond to currently approved therapies. The OCU200 Phase 1 clinical trial employs a sequential dose-escalation design across four cohorts (n=3 per cohort) to evaluate safety and tolerability in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) with the following dose levels for Cohort 1: 25 μg or 0.025 mg per eye, Cohort 2: 50 μg or 0.05 mg per eye, Cohort 3: 100 μg or 0.1 mg per eye and Cohort 4: 250 μg or 0.25 mg per eye.

All doses were administered via intravitreal injection in a fixed volume of 50 μL per injection. Following completion of Cohorts 1 and 2, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were modified in Cohort 3 to optimize patient selection, with an additional three subjects recruited to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). No serious adverse events (SAEs) or adverse events

(AEs) related to OCU200 reported to date across the dose-escalation cohorts and enrollment is expected to be completed during the first quarter of 2026.

NEOCART (AUTOLOGOUS CHONDROCYTE-DERIVED NEOCARTILAGE) CELL THERAPY PLATFORM

We diversified our innovative pipeline in 2022 by introducing NeoCart (autologous chondrocyte-derived neocartilage), a Phase 3-ready, regenerative medicine cell therapy technology that combines breakthroughs in bioengineering and cell processing to enhance the autologous cartilage repair process. We believe NeoCart has the potential to accelerate healing and reduce pain by reconstructing a patient's previously damaged knee cartilage. In May 2022, the FDA granted an RMAT designation to NeoCart for the repair of full-thickness lesions of knee cartilage injuries in adults.

NeoCart was acquired in our reverse merger in 2019 with Histogenics Corporation ("Histogenics"). Prior to 2019, Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials were conducted to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of NeoCart. These clinical trials reported a decrease in pain and improved function of the knee. Additionally, per the results of the Phase 2 clinical trial, more patients responded to NeoCart than microfracture surgery. No SAEs were reported. A Phase 3 clinical trial was conducted to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of NeoCart as compared to microfracture surgery to treat cartilage defects in the knee. This clinical trial enrolled 249 subjects between the ages of 18 and 59. The Phase 3 clinical trial of NeoCart narrowly missed the primary endpoint of a statistically significant improvement in pain and function in a dual threshold responder analysis one year after the treatment as compared to microfracture surgery.

We have received concurrence from the FDA on the confirmatory Phase 3 clinical trial design. This study will be a randomized, controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NeoCart in comparison to the current standard of care, chondroplasty, in subjects with articular cartilage defects. We intend to initiate the Phase 3 trial contingent on adequate availability of funding to support clinical trial and manufacturing of NeoCart product. Our Phase 3 clinical trial will use chondroplasty as the control instead of microfracture, which was used in the Phase 3 clinical trial conducted by Histogenics. Additionally, the Phase 3 clinical trial conducted by Histogenics used a responder analysis for the co-primary endpoint (as opposed to microfracture) that included an improvement of at least 12 points in outcome compared to baseline at one year on the knee injury and OA outcome score pain assessment test and an improvement of at least 20 points in outcome compared to baseline on the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective test. In contrast, our Phase 3 clinical trial will use a co-primary efficacy endpoint defined as the mean change from baseline (as opposed to chondroplasty) to two years for the patients' Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis ("OA") Outcome Score Pain and Function (Activities of Daily Living) subscale scales. Additionally, the Phase 3 clinical trial conducted by Histogenics enrolled patients with a total lesion size of less than six cm2, while our Phase 3 clinical trial will enroll patients with total lesion sizes between one to three cm2. During 2025, we transferred the assets related to our NeoCart product candidate to OrthoCellix.

The cartilage is a complex tissue which protects the various joints and bones in the human body. It acts as a shock absorber throughout the body withstanding significant pressure and allows for joints to glide smoothly with minimal friction. Cartilage damage can be caused by acute trauma, such as a bad fall or a sports-related injury, or by repetitive trauma, such as general wear over time. Unlike other tissues in the body, cartilage in the joints has no innate ability to repair itself, making any injury permanent. If left untreated, even a small defect can expand in size and progress to debilitating OA, ultimately requiring a joint replacement procedure. Over 528 million individuals worldwide are diagnosed with OA. This number is expected to increase as the population of aging yet active individuals and the rates of obesity increase.

We believe the current therapies available to treat cartilage damage in the knee are suboptimal with varying outcomes due to variable cellular responses. Chondroplasty is often recommended in patients with small cartilage lesions (between one and three cm2). This procedure is performed through small incisions on the sides of the knee with the aid of an arthroscope. During this procedure, the damaged cartilage is trimmed, and the remaining surface is smoothed. Microfracture surgery is a frequently used procedure for severe cartilage damage which yields varying outcomes from patient to patient. This surgery consists of the creation of tiny holes or "fractures" in the bone underneath the injured cartilage, leading to the formation of a blood clot in the affected area. The blood and bone marrow that form the blood clot contain stem cells, which are expected to grow into cartilage-building cells, as well as growth factors to support cell function and development of replacement cartilage matrix. Approximately 30% of patients that have undergone microfracture surgery continue to have pain and reduced knee function. Additionally, current therapies require extensive recovery time. They are often ineffective in the long term as they do not adequately address cartilage damage, which leads to additional corrective surgeries. In NeoCart, autologous culture chondrocytes on porcine collagen membrane (MACI) is used for the repair of symptomatic, single, or multiple full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee with or without bone involvement in adults less than 55 years of age. It is a three-by-five centimeter cellular sheet with a density of 500,000 cells per cm2.

The other options for cartilage repair include osteochondral autograft transplantation ("OAT"), osteochondral allograft resurfacing ("OCA"), and autologous chondrocyte implantation ("ACI"). During OAT, damaged cartilage is removed and

replaced with healthy cartilage from a non-weight-bearing area of the joint. OAT is recommended for small to medium sized lesions (between 1.5 and four cm2) and is limited by the amount of donor tissue available, the need for open surgery, and donor site morbidity. OCA is a similar process to OAT except that the tissue is sourced from cadaveric donor bone and cartilage. OCA is recommended for large lesions (between four and 10 cm2) and can be performed in a single procedure but is limited by the availability of cadaveric tissue. ACI is a process where cartilage cells are harvested from a non-weight bearing part of the knee and are cultured in a laboratory. They are subsequently implanted into the injured area.

Over one million arthroscopies are performed annually as a procedure to diagnose and treat issues of the joint. Patients and physicians are in need of treatment options that offer more rapid and durable recovery compared to the current treatment options. The attributes of an optimal treatment for a damaged knee cartilage involve the reduction in pain, repair of the knee cartilage, rapid return to daily activities, durable response, and a non-opioid approach. We believe NeoCart would represent a better solution to treat cartilage damage in the knee as it has the potential to solve for the limitations of the current therapies and has the potential to provide improved efficacy, long-term patient benefits, accelerated patient recovery, and predictable patient outcomes.

NeoCart is designed to treat pain at the source, improve function, and potentially prevent a patient's progression to OA. NeoCart is a three-dimensional tissue-engineered disc of new cartilage that is manufactured by growing chondrocytes, the cells responsible for maintaining cartilage health. The chondrocytes are derived from the patient on a unique scaffold. In this therapy, the patient's cells are separated from a tissue biopsy specimen and multiplied in a manufacturing facility. The cells are then infused into the scaffold, which is a three-dimensional structure that enables the proper delivery, distribution, and organization of cells in their natural environment to support tissue formation. Before NeoCart is implanted in a patient, the patient's cells and the scaffold undergo a bioengineering process in a Tissue Engineering Processor ("TEP"). The TEP is designed to mimic the conditions inside a functional joint so that the tissue is prepared to begin functioning like normal healthy cartilage prior to implantation. Once NeoCart is ready to be implanted, a bioadhesive is used to anchor NeoCart at the site of cartilage injury and seal the implant to the surrounding native cartilage. The bioadhesive is a natural, biocompatible material which acts as adhesives for biological tissue, thereby eliminating the need for complicated suturing (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Mechanism of the regenerative medicine cell therapy technology, NeoCart.

Figure 10 demonstrates the mechanism of our regenerative medicine cell therapy technology, NeoCart. We believe NeoCart has the potential to accelerate healing and reduce pain by reconstructing a patient's previously damaged knee cartilage. In this therapy, healthy cartilage tissue is grown and implanted in the patient.

INHALED MUCOSAL VACCINE PLATFORM

We are developing a next-generation, inhalation-based mucosal vaccine platform based on a novel ChAd vector, which includes OCU500, a COVID-19 vaccine; OCU510, a seasonal quadrivalent flu vaccine; and OCU520, a combination quadrivalent seasonal flu and COVID-19 vaccine.

Overview of COVID-19

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization ("WHO") in March 2020. COVID-19 is a highly transmissible disease that spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets that are produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Since being discovered, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged. New variants of a virus emerge when a mutation to the virus' genes occurs. As of November 24, 2024, SARS-CoV-2 and its variants have caused approximately over 776.9 million cases of COVID-19 and 7.1 million deaths, with the United States alone accounting for over 103 million cases and 1.2 million deaths. On May 11, 2023, the United States Department of Health and Human Services announced the COVID-19 public health emergency ended, yet the cases remain high as new variants emerge since the current intramuscular vaccines do not provide significant protection against respiratory mucosal infection.

Overview of the Seasonal Flu

The seasonal flu, or seasonal influenza, is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses circulating globally. In temperate climates, seasonal epidemics occur mainly during the winter, while in other regions, transmission may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks more irregularly. The seasonal flu causes illnesses that range in severity and may lead to hospitalization and death in certain cases. The WHO estimates the seasonal flu results in three to five million cases of severe illness, and approximately 0.3 million to 0.7 million respiratory deaths annually.

The seasonal flu spreads easily and rapidly transmits in crowded areas. The seasonal flu is transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes and droplets containing the virus are dispersed into the air and infects those in close proximity that breathe the droplets in. The seasonal flu can also spread through physical contact, although this type of transmission is less common than airborne transmission. The flu is most commonly prevented by getting an annual flu vaccine and taking preventative actions to avoid transmission such as staying away from those who are sick, frequent handwashing, and covering coughs and sneezes. For the United States 2024 to 2025 flu season, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ("CDC") estimates that 43-73 million people were sick with influenza, 19-32 million visited a healthcare provider, between 560,000 -1.1 million were hospitalized, and there were 38,000-99,000 deaths. Several flu antiviral drugs are also available in different dosage forms to treat the seasonal flu, including pills, liquid, an inhaled powder, or an intravenous solution. These flu antiviral drugs are only available through a prescription from a healthcare provider and are not sold over the counter.

Novel Inhaled Mucosal Vaccine Platform for the Prevention of COVID-19 and the Seasonal Flu

We are developing a next-generation, inhalation-based mucosal vaccine platform based on a novel ChAd vector, which includes OCU500, a COVID-19 vaccine; OCU510, a seasonal quadrivalent flu vaccine; and OCU520, a combination quadrivalent seasonal flu and COVID-19 vaccine.

Our novel inhaled mucosal vaccine platform is specifically designed to generate local mucosal immunity in the nasopharyngeal region. The mucosal vaccination method has demonstrated potent induction of both mucosal and systemic immune responses, which prevents infection and spread, thereby limiting the origins of new variants. We believe our novel inhaled mucosal vaccine platform is unique as it is designed to induce mucosal immunity, which is crucial for preventing upper respiratory tract infection, as compared to intramuscular vaccines. The advantages of these inhaled mucosal vaccines include needle-free administration, the potential for increased compliance, scalable manufacturing, storage and shipping at standard refrigerated conditions, and the potential to develop multi-strain and variant-specific versions. As these vaccine candidates are being developed to be administered through inhalation, we believe our novel inhaled mucosal vaccine platform has the potential to generate rapid local immunity in the upper airways and lungs where viruses enter and infect the body, which we believe may help reduce or prevent infection and transmission as well as provide protection against new virus variants.

The Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the principal target for antibody-based and vaccine countermeasures. The S protein serves as the primary viral attachment and entry factor to promote SARS-CoV-2 entry into human cells. In preclinical studies that have been conducted to assess the durability, dose response, and cross-protective activity in mice, it was demonstrated that a single dose of our inhaled mucosal COVID-19 vaccine induced durably high neutralizing and antibody effector responses in serum and S protein specific IgG and Immunoglobulin A, which is essential for reducing infection and transmission of COVID-19. This approach represents a potential universal booster, regardless of previous COVID-19 vaccination. OCU520,

our combination quadrivalent seasonal flu and COVID-19 vaccine, is designed to provide the unique ease of getting both an annual COVID-19 booster vaccine and an annual seasonal flu vaccine in one vaccine.

Pursuant to the WU License Agreement, we obtained the rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize a mucosal COVID-19 vaccine in the Mucosal Vaccine Territory. In addition, we internally developed technology related to the flu and COVID-19's vaccine design and filed intellectual property. In October 2023, OCU500 was selected by the NIAID Project NextGen for inclusion in clinical trials. OCU500 will be tested via two different mucosal routes, inhalation and intranasal delivery. The NIAID intends to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial in the second quarter of 2026.

COMPETITION

The biotechnology industry is characterized by rapidly advancing technologies as well as a strong emphasis on intellectual property leading to a highly competitive environment for the development and commercialization of therapeutic products, regenerative medicines, and vaccines. We face competition with respect to our current product candidates and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future. We face competition from many different sources, including from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection, and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization. We plan to compete in the segments of pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and other related markets with therapeutics, regenerative medicines, and vaccines that have an acceptable safety profile and target commercially attractive indications.

The development and commercialization of gene therapies is highly competitive. We are aware of several companies focusing on gene therapies for various ophthalmic indications including Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation, as acquired by Beacon Therapeutics, Astellas Pharma Inc., MeiraGTx Holdings plc in partnership with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nanoscope Therapeutics Inc., REGENXBIO Inc., Novartis AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG ("Roche AG"), Kiora Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Genentech, Inc. in partnership with Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc., and Luxturna, the product developed by Spark Therapeutics, Inc. and marketed by Roche AG, is currently the only gene therapy approved to treat IRDs in the United States which addresses only mutations in the one gene, RPE65. The mutation associated with the RPE65 gene represents just one of more than 125 mutated genes linked to RP and LCA.

The regenerative medicine sector is characterized by innovative science, rapidly advancing technologies, and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. The competitive landscape in the field of articular cartilage repair in the United States is emerging and has stimulated a substantial amount of interest from companies developing tissue repair solutions. Companies that may compete with our NeoCart product candidate include Vericel Corporation's MACI, the only FDA-approved ACI product in the United States, and Aesculap Biologics, LLC's NOVOCART 3D, which is currently enrolling subjects in their Phase 3 clinical trial.

We face, and will continue to face, intense competition from companies as well as institutions that are pursuing or have commercialized vaccines that would compete with our novel inhaled mucosal vaccine platform, if commercialized. The competitive landscape of COVID-19 vaccines has been rapidly developing since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and includes competitors such as Pfizer Inc./BioNTech SE, Moderna, Inc., AstraZeneca PLC, Novavax, Inc., Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Each of the aforementioned vaccines have been authorized or approved in at least one country within the Ocugen Mucosal Vaccine Territory and are intramuscular vaccines. CanSinoBIO's Convidecia Air, an intranasal vaccine targeting COVID-19, has been approved in China. Other competitors for our novel inhaled mucosal vaccine platform include CyanVac LLC, Meissa Vaccines, Inc., Codagenix, Inc., Intravacc B.V., McMaster University, and Tetherex Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Companies such as Pfizer Inc./BioNTech SE, Moderna, Inc., CureVac N.V in partnership with GSK plc, Vivaldi Biosciences Inc., and Novavax, Inc. are also in the process of developing a combination vaccine that will protect against COVID-19 and the seasonal flu. Vivaldi Biosciences Inc. is also currently undergoing clinical trials for their intranasal vaccine for the seasonal flu.

The development and commercialization of biologic products is highly competitive as well. Companies that may compete with our OCU200 product candidate include Roche AG, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., AsclepiX Therapeutics, Inc., Outlook Therapeutics, Inc., Novartis AG, Oxurion NV, Unity Biotechnology, Inc., Opthea Limited, and 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Inc. Roche AG, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Novartis AG have marketed anti-VEGF products.

Many of our competitors, either alone or with strategic partners, may have significantly greater financial resources to support research and development, manufacturing, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, as well as regulatory, commercialization, and marketing efforts. These organizations also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites, patient registration for clinical trials, licensing or acquiring technologies necessary for

our programs, and in our commercialization efforts if our product candidates are approved. Early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors.

MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLY

We utilize our in-house expertise and know-how as well as the expertise and know-how of our industry leading manufacturing partners to develop and scale up our manufacturing processes for both the clinical and commercial supply of our product candidates. Our in-house expertise includes personnel with extensive product development and commercialization experience who actively manage our manufacturing partners that produce products in our product candidate pipeline. Our current manufacturing partners have state-of-the-art facilities with significant expertise in biotechnology manufacturing.

Clinical Supply of Our Modifier Gene Therapy Platform

We have a co-development and commercialization agreement with CanSinoBIO with respect to the development and commercialization of our modifier gene therapy platform including OCU400, OCU410 and OCU410ST. CanSinoBIO is responsible for the CMC development and manufacture of clinical supplies of such product candidates and is responsible for the costs associated with such activities. CanSinoBIO has an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize our modifier gene therapy platform in and for China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (the "CanSinoBIO Territory"), and we maintain exclusive development, manufacturing, and commercialization rights with respect to our modifier gene therapy platform outside the CanSinoBIO Territory (the "Company Territory").

We partner with CanSinoBIO for the process development, manufacturing, testing, and release of drug product candidates for use in IND-enabling studies and clinical trials. We perform discovery and analytical development activities in our research and development lab. The partnership with CanSinoBIO enables us in completing manufacturing, with release of clinical trial materials in an expedited manner and helps in mitigating the risk of delay that can be associated when working with highly competitive CDMOs that have long wait times with regard to gene therapy manufacturing. Although we rely on our partnership for manufacturing, we have personnel with extensive experience in gene therapy manufacturing to oversee and guide the process and analytical development, scale-up, release, and stability testing at our partner site. We perform periodic audits of our manufacturing partner to confirm compliance with applicable regulations.

For more information about our partnership with CanSinoBIO, see "—License and Development Agreements—Co-Development and Commercialization Agreement with CanSinoBIO" and see Note 3 in our notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Clinical and Commercial Supply of NeoCart

We have completed renovating an existing facility into a current GMP facility in accordance with the FDA's regulations in support of NeoCart manufacturing for Phase 3 clinical trial material. During 2025, we transferred the assets related to our NeoCart product candidate to OrthoCellix.

Supply of Inhaled Mucosal Vaccine Platform

In October 2023, OCU500 was selected by the NIAID Project NextGen for inclusion in clinical trials. Project NextGen is a $5 billion multi-government agency initiative to develop the next generation of vaccines and therapeutics to combat the spread of COVID-19. NIAID, with funding from Project NextGen, will cover the full cost of the clinical trials, including operations and related analysis. We will be responsible for providing clinical trial materials and upon completion will have full right of reference to the findings, which we believe will provide clinical evidence to support the further development of our lead mucosal vaccine candidate.

Clinical Supply of OCU200

In October 2020, we entered into a manufacturing agreement with a CDMO for the manufacture of OCU200. Under the manufacturing agreement, our CDMO will manage all CMC and clinical manufacturing activities for OCU200. We have completed the technology transfer of manufacturing processes to our CDMO and have produced clinical trial materials to initiate the planned Phase 1 clinical trial. In April 2023, the FDA placed our IND application to initiate a Phase 1 trial targeting DME on clinical hold, as part of the FDA's request for additional information related to CMC.

LICENSE AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS

We are party to license and development agreements under which we license or co-own patents, patent applications, technical information, and other intellectual property for our product candidates. Certain diligence and financial obligations are tied to these agreements. We consider the following agreements to be material to our business.

Licensing Agreement with Kwangdong Pharmaceuticals

The Company entered into a license agreement (“Kwangdong License”) with Kwangdong Pharmaceutical, Ltd ("Kwangdong") for the development and commercialization of the Company's modifier gene therapy product candidate OCU400 in September 2025. Pursuant to the Kwangdong License, Kwangdong has the exclusive right to commercialize and develop OCU400 in South Korea (“Kwangdong Territory”). Kwangdong is responsible for commercialization and regulatory approval in the Kwangdong Territory. The Company retains exclusive right to manufacture for Kwangdong. The Company will also provide additional support services to Kwangdong throughout the term of the agreement to support commercialization.

In accordance with the Kwangdong License, the Company received an initial $0.8 million (net of tax) non-refundable fee and is entitled to additional milestone based fees upon FDA and regulatory approval in the Kwangdong Territory as well as manufacturing based fees upon shipment.

Upon regulatory approval, Kwangdong will lead commercialization efforts, leveraging Ocugen’s clinical data and (BLA) for local regulatory submission.

Novel Modifier Gene Therapy Program

Exclusive License Agreement with SERI

In December 2017, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with SERI, which was amended in January 2021 (as amended, the "SERI Agreement"). The SERI Agreement gives us an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license to patent rights, biological materials, and technical information for NHR genes NR1D1, NR2E3 (OCU400), RORA (OCU410 and OCU410ST), Nuclear Protein 1, Transcriptional Regulator ("NUPR1"), and Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2 Group C Member 1 ("NR2C1"). The January 2021 amendment to the SERI Agreement additionally granted us rights in co-owned intellectual property pursuant to certain patent applications and provisional patent applications at the time of the amendment. Under the SERI Agreement, we may make, have made, use, offer to sell, and import licensed products, and must use commercially reasonable efforts to bring one or more licensed products to market as soon as reasonably practicable.

Co-Development and Commercialization Agreement with CanSinoBIO

We entered into the CanSinoBIO Agreement with CanSinoBIO with respect to the development and commercialization of our modifier gene therapy product candidates, OCU400, OCU410, and OCU410ST. The CanSinoBIO Agreement was originally entered into in September 2019 with regards to OCU400 and was subsequently amended in September 2021 and November 2022 to include OCU410 and OCU410ST, respectively. Pursuant to the CanSinoBIO Agreement, we are collaborating with CanSinoBIO on the development of our modifier gene therapy platform. CanSinoBIO is responsible for the CMC development and manufacture of clinical supplies of such product candidates and is responsible for the costs associated with such activities. CanSinoBIO has an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize our modifier gene therapy platform in and for the CanSinoBIO Territory, and we maintain exclusive development, manufacturing, and commercialization rights with respect to our modifier gene therapy platform in the Company Territory.

CanSinoBIO will pay us an annual royalty between mid- and high-single digits based on Net Sales (as defined in the CanSinoBIO Agreement) of the products included in our modifier gene therapy platform in the CanSinoBIO Territory. We will pay CanSinoBIO an annual royalty between low- and mid-single digits based on Net Sales of the products included in our modifier gene therapy platform in the Company Territory.

NeoCart

License Agreement with Purpose

In December 2005, Histogenics entered into an exclusive agreement (the "Purpose Agreement") to sublicense certain technology from Purpose, which we assumed as a result of our reverse merger with Histogenics. Purpose entered into the original license agreement ("BWH-Purpose Agreement") with Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc. ("BWH") in August 2001.

The BWH-Purpose Agreement granted Purpose an exclusive, royalty-bearing, worldwide, sublicensable license, under its rights in licensed patents and patent applications co-owned by BWH and Purpose to make, use, and sell (1) an apparatus for cultivating a cell or tissue, (2) cell or tissue products made using such apparatus, (3) cell or tissue products made using processes for cultivating a cell or tissue as disclosed in the licensed patents and patent applications, and (4) any apparatus that cultivates cells or tissues using such processes, in each case, whose manufacture, use, or sale is covered by a valid claim of the licensed patents and patent applications, only for therapeutic use.

The Purpose Agreement was amended and restated in June 2012, pursuant to which Purpose granted Histogenics outside of Japan: (a) exclusive rights to all of Purpose's technology (owned or licensed) related to the exogenous tissue processors, which is used in the development of NeoCart, (b) continued supply of exogenous tissue processors, and (c) rights to manufacture the exogenous tissue processors at any location we choose. In exchange for such consideration, Purpose was granted an exclusive license in Japan for the use of all of our NeoCart technology and was reimbursed for development costs on a multi-unit exogenous tissue processor. In May 2016, the Purpose Agreement was amended, whereby Histogenics reacquired the development and commercialization rights to NeoCart in Japan.

The Purpose Agreement, as amended, provides us with the ability, worldwide, to (i) use, make, have made, sell, offer for sale, import or otherwise exploit products or services covered by claims of Purpose's patents and (ii) use, reproduce, modify, create derivative works of and otherwise exploit Purpose’s technology for the design, development, manufacture, testing, support, and commercialization of any product or service that incorporates or builds upon Purpose’s technology, in each case, only in connection with articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and meniscus. Purpose retains the right to sell its single unit exogenous tissue processer machines to research institutes for general but noncommercial use anywhere in the world.

Vaccines

Exclusive License Agreement with Washington University

In September 2022, we entered into the WU License Agreement with Washington University, pursuant to which we were granted an exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license to patent rights for a mucosal COVID-19 vaccine, as well as a license to certain tangible research property and technical information necessary to exploit the patent rights within the United States, Europe, and Japan. In January 2023, we amended the WU License Agreement to add the countries of South Korea, Australia, and China to the Mucosal Vaccine Territory, and in November 2023, we further amended the WU License Agreement to add Hong Kong to the Mucosal Vaccine Territory. In June 2025, we further amended the WU License Agreement to add Canada to the Mucosal Vaccine Territory.

Pursuant to the WU License Agreement, we may make, have made, sell, offer for sale, use, market, promote, distribute, export, and import licensed products in the Mucosal Vaccine Territory. We will use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, manufacture, promote, and sell the licensed products in the Mucosal Vaccine Territory.

Washington University maintains control of patent preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance. We are responsible for Washington University's out-of-pocket expenses related to the preparation, filing, prosecution, issuance, and maintenance of the licensed patent rights incurred pursuant to the WU License Agreement.

NIAID Project NextGen Clinical trial support

In October 2023, OCU500 was selected by the NIAID Project NextGen for inclusion in clinical trials. Project NextGen is a $5 billion multi-government agency initiative to develop the next generation of vaccines and therapeutics to combat the spread of COVID-19. NIAID, with funding from Project NextGen, will cover the full cost of the clinical trials, including operations and related analysis. We will be responsible for providing clinical trial materials and upon completion will have full right of reference to the findings, which we believe will provide clinical evidence to support the further development of our lead mucosal vaccine candidate.

Novel Biologic Therapy for Retinal Diseases

Exclusive License Agreement with the University of Colorado

In March 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with CU, which was amended in January 2017 and clarified by a letter of understanding in November 2017 (as amended and clarified, the "CU Agreement"). The CU Agreement gives us an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license to patents for OCU200 to make, have made, use, import, offer to sell, sell, have sold, and practice the licensed products in all therapeutic applications. Under the CU Agreement, we must use commercially

reasonable efforts to develop, manufacture, sublicense, market, and sell the licensed products and have assumed primary responsibility for preparing, filing, and prosecuting broad patent claims for OCU200 for CU's benefit. Further, we have assumed primary responsibility for all patent activities, including all costs associated with the prosecution and maintenance of the patents for OCU200.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technologies and intellectual products. We have applied, obtained, and licensed patent protection for our product candidates. We intend to maintain and defend our intellectual property rights to protect our technology, inventions, processes, and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business. There is no guarantee that any of our current or future intellectual property will advance the commercial success of our product candidates. There is also no guarantee patents will be issued or registered for any pending patent applications or patent applications that we may file in the future. Our commercial success also depends in part on our non-infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties.

As of February 24, 2026, our patent portfolio for our product candidates included a total of 24 issued patents in the United States, 56 issued or registered patents in foreign countries, 9 pending patent applications in the United States, and 57 pending patent applications in foreign countries. Our issued or registered patents and pending patent applications include those licensed from SERI, Purpose and CU. Certain issued patents and pending patent applications cover multiple of our product candidates. Our intellectual property includes compositions of matter, methods of use, product candidates, and other proprietary technology. As of February 24, 2026, we had exclusive rights or owned rights to: (i) two issued United States patents, one pending United States patent applications, and one pending foreign patent applications related to OCU400; (ii) one pending United States patent applications, and three pending foreign patent applications related to OCU410 and OCU410ST; (iii) 15 issued United States patents; six pending United States patent applications, 20 issued or registered foreign patents, and nine pending foreign patent applications related to NeoCart; (iv) two pending United States patent applications and seven pending foreign patent applications related to OCU500, OCU510 and OCU520; and (v) one issued United States patent and 25 issued or registered foreign patents related to OCU200. Our current portfolio of issued patents in the United States and issued or registered patents in foreign countries related to our product candidates expire between 2025 and 2038.

In some instances, we may need to license additional patents and trade secrets to commercialize our product candidates in certain territories. In addition to patents, we may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, and obtain and maintain ownership of certain technologies, in part, by confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND PRODUCT APPROVAL

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state, and local level, and in other countries including Canada, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, approval, manufacture, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, monitoring and reporting, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, sales, import, and export of biotechnological and drug products such as those we are developing. In addition, labelers of marketed biotechnology and drug products (the entity owning the National Drug Code listed for a marketed product) participating in Medicaid and Medicare are required to comply with mandatory price reporting, discounts, rebates, and other requirements. The processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in other countries including Canada, along with compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced, passed in Congress and signed into law that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the approval, manufacturing, and marketing of products regulated by the FDA. In addition to new legislation, FDA regulations, guidances, and policies are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect the manner in which pharmaceutical products are regulated and marketed.

FDA Regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates biologics and drug products under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA") and its implementing regulations. In addition, biological products are regulated under the Public Health Service Act ("PHSA") and its implementing regulations. The process required by the FDA before product candidates may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

•completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies, and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA's Good Laboratory Practice ("GLP") regulations, applicable requirements for the human use of laboratory animals, such as the Animal Welfare Act ("AWA"), or other applicable regulations;

•submission to the FDA of an IND application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin at United States clinical trial sites;

•approval by an Institutional Review Board ("IRB") for each clinical site, or centrally, before a clinical trial may be initiated at that site;

•adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy, in the case of a drug product candidate, or safety, purity, and potency, in the case of a biological product candidate, for its intended use, performed in accordance with Good Clinical Practice ("GCP") and additional requirements for the protection of human research subjects and their health information;

•development of manufacturing processes to ensure the product candidate's identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency in compliance with current GMP;

•submission to the FDA of a New Drug Application ("NDA"), in the case of a drug product candidate, or a BLA, in the case of a biological product candidate, including results of preclinical testing, detailed information about the CMC, and proposed labeling and packaging for the product candidate;

•satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable;

•satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the products are produced to assess compliance with current GMP, and to assure that the facilities, methods, and controls are adequate to preserve the therapeutics' identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency as well as satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of selected clinical sites, selected clinical investigators to determine GCP compliance, and payment of user fees; and

•FDA review and approval of the NDA, or licensure of a BLA, to permit commercial marketing for particular indications for use, including agreement on post-marketing commitments, if applicable.

Preclinical Studies and IND Submission

The testing and approval process of product candidates requires substantial time, effort, and financial resources. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years, and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and product formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. Such studies must generally be conducted in accordance with GLP, the AWA, and other applicable regulations and requirements. Prior to commencing the first clinical trial at a United States investigational site with a product candidate, an IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests and preclinical literature, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature, and proposed clinical study protocols, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND submission. Some preclinical studies may continue even after the IND is in effect.

An IND application becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, notifies the applicant of safety concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial may begin. A separate submission to an existing IND application must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects (healthy volunteers or patients) under the supervision of qualified investigators. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with federal regulations and GCP requirements, which include the requirements that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial, as well as the review and approval of the study by an IRB. Investigators must also provide certain information to the clinical trial sponsors to allow the sponsors to make certain financial disclosures to the FDA. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the trial procedures, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated, and a statistical analysis plan. A protocol for each clinical trial, and any subsequent protocol amendments, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND submission. If a product candidate is being investigated for multiple intended indications, separate IND applications may also be required. In addition, an IRB at each study site participating in the clinical trial and/or a central IRB must review and approve the plan for

any clinical trial, informed consent forms, and communications to study subjects before a study commences at that site. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants, and considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits, and whether the planned human subject protections are adequate. The IRB must continue to oversee the clinical trial while it is being conducted. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must also be submitted at least annually to the FDA and the IRB and more frequently if SAEs or other significant safety information is found.

During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Sponsors are required to submit periodic progress reports and safety reports to FDA throughout the clinical development program. Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions, if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. If the FDA issues a clinical hold halting a clinical trial, the agency must notify the IND sponsor of the grounds for the hold. Any identified deficiencies must be resolved before the FDA will lift the hold and allow the clinical trial to begin or resume. There is no guarantee the FDA will ever lift a clinical hold once put in place. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB's requirements or if the trial poses an unexpected serious harm to subjects. The FDA or an IRB may also impose conditions on the conduct of a clinical trial. Clinical trial sponsors may also choose to discontinue clinical trials as a result of risks to subjects, a lack of favorable results, or changing business priorities.

The manufacture of investigational drugs and biologics for the conduct of human clinical trials is subject to current GMP requirements. Investigational drugs, biologics, active ingredients, and therapeutic substances imported into the United States are also subject to regulation by the FDA. Further, the export of investigational products outside of the United States is subject to regulatory requirements of the receiving country, as well as the United States export requirements under the FDCA.

In general, for purposes of NDA and BLA approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined.

•Phase 1 — Studies are initially conducted in a small group of healthy human volunteers or subjects (e.g., 10 to 20 subjects) to test the product candidate for safety, dosage tolerance, structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion. If possible, Phase 1 trials may also be used to gain an initial indication of product effectiveness.

•Phase 2 — Controlled studies are conducted in larger but still limited subject populations with a specified disease or condition to evaluate preliminary efficacy, identify optimal dosages, dosage tolerance and schedule, possible adverse effects and safety risks, and expanded evidence of safety.

•Phase 3 — These adequate and well-controlled clinical trials are undertaken in expanded subject populations (e.g., several hundred to several thousand patients), generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to generate enough data to provide statistically significant evidence of clinical efficacy and safety of the product candidate for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product candidate, and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product candidate. Typically, two Phase 3 trials are required by the FDA for product approval. Under some limited circumstances, however, the FDA may approve an NDA or BLA based upon a single Phase 3 clinical study.

The FDA may also require, or companies may conduct, additional clinical trials for the same indication after a product is approved. These are referred to as Phase 4 studies and may be made a condition to be satisfied after approval. The results of Phase 4 studies can confirm or refute the effectiveness of a product candidate and can provide important long-term safety information.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the product candidate as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with current GMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, manufacturers must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency, and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

Marketing Application Submission, Review by the FDA, and Marketing Approval

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical and preclinical testing, the results of product development, including CMC, non-clinical studies, and clinical trial results, including negative or ambiguous results, as well as positive findings, are all submitted to the FDA, along with the proposed labeling, as part of an NDA, in the case of a drug, or BLA, in the case of a biologic, requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of a marketing application is subject to a substantial application user fee.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act ("PREA"), a BLA or NDA or supplement to a BLA or NDA for a new active ingredient, indication, dosage form, dosage regimen, or route of administration, must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after the approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. Orphan products are also exempt from the PREA requirements.

The FDA also may require submission of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy ("REMS") to ensure that the benefits of the product candidate outweigh the risks. Following product approval, a REMS may also be required by the FDA if new safety information is discovered and the FDA determines that a REMS is necessary to ensure that the benefits of the product continue to outweigh the risks. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription, or dispensing of products.

Once the FDA receives an application, it generally takes 60 days to review the NDA or BLA (collectively, the "marketing application") to determine if it is substantially complete to permit a substantive review, before it accepts the application for filing. The FDA may refuse to review any application that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission and may request additional information. If the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the marketing application. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act ("PDUFA"), the FDA aims to complete its initial review of a marketing application and respond to the applicant within 10 months from the filing date for a standard marketing application, and within six months from the filing date for a priority marketing application. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority marketing applications, and the review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

The FDA may also refer certain applications to an advisory committee. Before approving a product candidate for which no active ingredient (including any ester or salt of an active ingredient) has previously been approved by the FDA, the FDA must either refer that product candidate to an external advisory committee or provide in an action letter a summary of the reasons why the FDA did not refer the product candidate to an advisory committee. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

The FDA reviews applications to determine, among other things, whether a product candidate meets the agency's approval standards and whether the manufacturing methods and controls are adequate to assure and preserve the product's identity, strength, quality, potency, and purity. Before approving a marketing application, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured, referred to as a Pre-Approval Inspection. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities, including contract manufacturers and subcontractors, are in compliance with current GMP requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving a marketing application, the FDA will inspect one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCP. To assure current GMP and GCP compliance, an applicant will incur significant expenditure of time, money, and effort in the areas of training, recordkeeping, production, and quality control.

After evaluating the marketing application and all related information, including the advisory committee recommendation, if any, and inspection reports regarding the manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or, in some cases, a Complete Response Letter ("CRL"). A CRL indicates that the review cycle for the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. It also describes all of the specific deficiencies that the FDA identified. A CRL generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the marketing application and may require additional clinical or preclinical testing in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If a CRL is issued, the applicant may either: resubmit the marketing application addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter; withdraw the application; or request an opportunity for a hearing.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications or populations for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings, or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a boxed warning, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a product's safety and efficacy after approval,

require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product.

Pediatric Exclusivity

Pediatric exclusivity is one type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity and patent periods. Conditions for exclusivity include the FDA's determination that information relating to the use of a new drug in the pediatric population may produce health benefits in that population, the FDA making a written request for pediatric studies, and the applicant agreeing to perform and report on the requested studies within the statutory timeframe.

Orphan Products

The Orphan Drug Act provides incentives for the development of products for rare diseases or conditions. Specifically, sponsors may apply for and receive ODD if a product candidate is intended to treat rare diseases or conditions, which generally are diseases or conditions affecting less than 0.2 million individuals in the United States, or affecting more than 0.2 million individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States will be recovered from the United States sales. ODD must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. Additionally, sponsors must present a plausible hypothesis for clinical superiority to obtain ODD if there is a product already approved by the FDA that is considered by the FDA to be the same and is intended for the same indication. This hypothesis must be demonstrated to obtain ODD exclusivity. If granted, ODD entitles a party to certain pre-approval financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical study costs, tax advantages, and certain user-fee waivers. After the FDA grants ODD, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. ODD does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first NDA or BLA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active moiety to treat a particular disease with ODD generally is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety, or providing a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition.

Patent Term Restoration and Regulatory Data Exclusivity

In the United States and elsewhere, certain regulatory exclusivities and patent rights can provide an approved drug product with protection from certain competitors' products for a period of time and within a certain scope. If approved, drug and biologic products may also be eligible for periods of the United States patent term restoration. If granted, patent term restoration extends the patent life of a single unexpired patent, that has not previously been extended, for a maximum of five years. The total patent life of the product with the extension also cannot exceed 14 years from the product's approval date. Subject to prior limitations, the period of extension is calculated by adding half of the time from the effective date of an IND application to the initial submission of a marketing application, and all of the time between the submission of the marketing application and its approval. This period may also be reduced by any time that the applicant did not act with due diligence. Only one patent claiming each approved product is eligible for restoration and the patent holder must apply for restoration within 60 days of approval. The United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO"), in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for patent term restoration.

Additionally, under the PHSA, innovator biological products, or reference products, are entitled to 12 years of exclusivity. The FDA must wait four years after licensure of a biologic product under a BLA before accepting a filing for a biosimilar version of the reference product, and the FDA cannot approve a biosimilar version of the reference product until 12 years after the reference product was approved under a BLA.

Special FDA Expedited Review and Approval Programs

The FDA has various programs that are intended to expedite or simplify the process for the development and FDA review of certain product candidates that are intended for the treatment of serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs or present a significant improvement over existing therapy. The purpose of these programs is to provide important new therapeutics to patients earlier than under standard FDA review procedures. These expedited programs include fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, priority review, accelerated approval, and RMAT designation. Each of these programs has its own features and qualifying criteria. A sponsor

must submit a request for fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, or priority review, which may or may not be granted by the FDA.

To be eligible for a fast track designation, the FDA must determine, based on the request of a sponsor, that a product candidate is intended to treat a serious or life threatening disease or condition and demonstrates the potential to address an unmet medical need. If fast track designation is obtained, sponsors may be eligible for more frequent development meetings and correspondence with the FDA. In addition, the FDA may initiate review of sections of an application before the application is complete. This "rolling review" is available if the applicant provides and the FDA approves a schedule for the remaining information.

To be eligible for breakthrough therapy designation, the FDA must determine, based on the request of the sponsor, that a product candidate is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Products designated as breakthrough therapies are eligible for intensive guidance on an efficient development program beginning as early as Phase 1 trials, a commitment from the FDA to involve senior managers and experienced review staff in a proactive collaborative and cross-disciplinary review, rolling review, and the facilitation of cross-disciplinary review.

Established under the 21st Century Cures Act, RMAT designation is a dedicated program designed to expedite the drug development and review processes for promising regenerative medicine products, including genetic therapies. A regenerative medicine advanced therapy is eligible for RMAT designation if it is intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug or therapy has the potential to address unmet medical needs for such disease or condition. Similar to breakthrough therapy designation, RMAT designation provides the benefits of intensive FDA guidance on efficient drug development, including the ability for early interactions with FDA to discuss surrogate or intermediate endpoints, potential ways to support accelerated approval and satisfy post-approval requirements, potential priority review of a BLA, and other opportunities to expedite development and review.

The FDA may give a priority review designation to product candidates that are intended to treat serious conditions and, if approved, would provide significant improvements in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of the serious condition. A priority review means that the goal for the FDA is to review an application within six months from the filing date, rather than the standard review of 10 months under current PDUFA guidelines.

Drug or biological products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may be developed and approved under the accelerated approval pathway, which means the FDA may approve the product candidate based upon a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. A drug or biologic candidate approved under the accelerated approval pathway is generally subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including the completion of Phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect of the product. Under the Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022 ("FDORA"), the FDA is permitted to require, as appropriate, that confirmatory trials be underway prior to approval or within a specific time period after the date of approval for a product granted accelerated approval. Further, under FDORA, the FDA has increased authority for expedited procedures to withdraw the accelerated approval of a drug or biologic if, for example, the confirmatory trial fails to verify the predicted clinical benefit of the product.

Even if a drug or biological product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that such product no longer meets the qualification criteria, and therefore, that the sponsor is no longer eligible for the program benefits, including the benefit of a shortened time period for FDA review or approval. Additionally, fast track designation, priority review, accelerated approval, breakthrough therapy designation, and RMAT designation do not change the standards for approval and do not necessarily shorten the overall time it takes a sponsor to obtain FDA approval or the costs of obtaining it.

Post-Approval Requirements

Any products manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to extensive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements related to manufacturing, recordkeeping, and reporting, including adverse experience reporting, deviation reporting, shortage reporting, and periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising, marketing, promotion, certain electronic records and signatures, and post-approval obligations imposed as a condition of approval, such as Phase 4 clinical trials, REMS, and surveillance to assess safety and effectiveness after commercialization.

Future FDA inspections may identify current GMP compliance issues at manufacturing facilities or at the facilities of third-party suppliers that may disrupt production or distribution or require substantial resources to correct and prevent recurrence of any deficiencies and could result in fines or penalties by regulatory authorities.

After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims, are subject to FDA review and approval. There also are continuing annual program user fee requirements for approved products, excluding orphan products. In addition, manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved therapeutics are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, list their products, and are subject to periodic announced and unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with current GMP and other requirements. Regulatory authorities may undertake regulatory enforcement action, withdraw product approvals, require label modifications, or request product recalls, among other actions, if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.

Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require FDA approval or notification before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from current GMP and specifications, and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use.

The FDA also strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising, and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Physicians, in their independent professional medical judgment, may prescribe legally available products for unapproved indications that are not described in the product's labeling and that differ from those tested and approved by the FDA. Drug and biological product companies, however, are required to promote their products only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including, but not limited to, criminal and civil penalties under the FDCA and False Claims Act ("FCA"), exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, mandatory compliance programs under corporate integrity agreements, suspension and debarment from government contracts, and refusal of orders under existing government contracts. In addition, newly discovered or developed safety or efficacy data may require changes to a product's approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications.

In addition, the distribution of prescription drug and biological products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act ("PDMA"), which regulates the distribution of samples at the federal level. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription drug and biological product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution. Free trial or starter prescriptions provided through pharmacies are also subject to regulations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program ("MDRP") and potential liability under anti-kickback and false claims laws.

Moreover, the Drug Supply Chain Security Act imposes obligations on sponsors of drug and biological products related to product tracking and tracing. Among the requirements of this legislation, sponsors are required to provide certain information regarding the products to individuals and entities to which product ownership is transferred, are required to label products with a product identifier, and are required to keep certain records regarding the product.

Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in significant regulatory actions. Such actions may include refusal to approve pending applications, license or approval suspension or revocation, imposition of a clinical hold or termination of clinical trials, warning letters, untitled letters, Form FDA 483s, cyber letters, modification of promotional materials or labeling, provision of corrective information, imposition of post-market requirements including the need for additional testing, imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS, product recalls, product seizures or detentions, refusal to allow imports or exports, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, FDA debarment, injunctions, fines, consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, suspension and debarment from government contracts, refusal of orders under existing government contracts, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, restitution, disgorgement, civil or criminal penalties including fines and imprisonment, and adverse publicity, among other adverse consequences.

Additional controls for biologics

To help reduce the increased risk of the introduction of adventitious agents through biological products, the PHSA emphasizes the importance of manufacturing controls for products whose attributes cannot be precisely defined. The PHSA also provides

authority to the FDA to immediately suspend licenses in situations where there exists a danger to public health, to prepare or procure products in the event of shortages and critical public health needs, and to authorize the creation and enforcement of regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of communicable diseases in the United States and between states.

After a BLA is approved, the product may also be subject to official lot release as a condition of approval. As part of the manufacturing process, the manufacturer is required to perform certain tests on each lot of the product before it is released for distribution. If the product is subject to official release by the FDA, the manufacturer submits to FDA a release protocol showing the results of all of the manufacturer's tests performed on the lot, and if required, samples of each lot of the product.

In addition to the regulations discussed above, there are a number of additional standards that apply to clinical trials involving the use of gene therapy. The FDA has issued various guidance documents regarding gene therapies, which outline additional factors that the FDA will consider during product development that relate to, among other things: the proper preclinical assessment of gene therapies; the CMC information that should be included in an IND application; the proper design of tests to measure product potency in support of an IND or BLA application; and measures to observe delayed adverse effects in subjects who have been exposed to investigational gene therapies when the risk of such effects is high. Further, the FDA recommends that sponsors observe subjects for potential gene therapy-related delayed adverse events for a prolonged period of time.

Fraud and Abuse, Data Privacy and Security, and Transparency Laws and Regulations

Our business activities, including but not limited to, research, marketing, sales, promotion, distribution, medical education, and other activities following product approval are subject to laws and regulations by numerous federal and state regulatory and law enforcement authorities in the United States in addition to the FDA, including potentially the Department of Justice, the Department of Health and Human Services and its various divisions, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") and the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, and state and local governments. Our business activities must comply with numerous healthcare laws, including but not limited to, the federal civil FCA, the federal Anti-Kickback statue, and other laws and regulations as well as data privacy and security laws and regulations, which are described below, as well as state and federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws. Moreover, to the extent that we license the right to sell our product, if approved, to another entity under that entity's labeler code, the licensee would have regulatory responsibilities, including healthcare, reimbursement, pricing, and reporting regulatory responsibilities.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, prohibits, among other things, any person or entity, from knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease, or order, or the referral to another for the furnishing or arranging of any item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or other federal healthcare programs, in whole or in part. The term "remuneration" has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value. The Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between biotechnological industry members on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, formulary managers, and beneficiaries on the other. Several courts have interpreted the statute's intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of a federal healthcare covered business, including purchases of products paid by federal healthcare programs, the statute has been violated. A violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute may be established without proving actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. The government or a whistleblower may assert that a claim for payment of items or services resulting from a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil FCA. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute protecting certain common business arrangements and activities from prosecution or regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices that involve remuneration to those who prescribe, purchase, or recommend pharmaceutical and biological products, including certain discounts, or engaging such individuals as consultants, advisors, or speakers, may be subject to scrutiny if they do not fit squarely within an exemption or safe harbor. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability. Moreover, there are no safe harbors for many common practices, such as educational and research grants, charitable donations, product support and patient assistance.

The federal civil FCA prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment of federal funds, knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government, or avoiding, decreasing, or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Actions under the FCA may be brought by the federal government or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. Many pharmaceutical manufacturers have been investigated and have reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under the civil FCA for a variety of alleged improper activities. The government may deem companies to have "caused" the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, providing inaccurate billing or coding information to customers or promoting a product off-label. The civil FCA provides for treble damages and a civil penalty for each false claim, such as an invoice or pharmacy claim for reimbursement, which can aggregate into millions of dollars, and potential exclusion from federal health care programs.

The civil monetary penalties statute is another statute under which biotechnological companies may be subject to enforcement. Among other things, the civil monetary penalties statue imposes fines against any person who is determined to have knowingly presented, or caused to be presented, claims to a federal healthcare program that the person knows, or should know, is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA") prohibits, among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statements or representations in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items, or services relating to healthcare matters. The government need not establish actual knowledge of the statute, or the specific intent in order to prove a violation.

The federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to CMS information related to direct or indirect payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals and certain other HCPs (such as physicians assistants and nurse practitioners), and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members, with the reported information made public on a searchable website.

Payment or reimbursement of prescription therapeutics by Medicaid or Medicare requires the product's labeler to submit certified pricing information to CMS. The Medicaid Drug Rebate statute requires labelers, as a condition of payment by Medicaid, to calculate and report price points, which are used to determine Medicaid rebate payments shared between the states and the federal government and Medicaid payment rates for certain therapeutics, to pay quarterly rebates on prescriptions paid by Medicaid, and to provide a discount based on the Medicaid rebate percentage to certain hospitals and clinics under the 340B program. For most therapeutics paid under Medicare Part B, labelers must also calculate and report their Average Sales Price, which is used to determine the Medicare Part B payment rate. In addition, therapeutics covered by Medicaid are subject to an additional inflation penalty which can substantially increase rebate payments. For products approved under a BLA (including biosimilars) or an NDA, the Veterans Health Care Act ("VHCA") requires labelers, as a condition of payment by Medicaid, to calculate and report to the Veterans Administration a different price called the Non-Federal AMP, which is used to determine the maximum price that can be charged to certain federal agencies, referred to as the Federal Ceiling Price ("FCP"). Like the Medicaid rebate amount, the FCP includes an inflation penalty. A Department of Defense statute and regulation requires labelers to provide this discount on therapeutics dispensed by retail pharmacies when paid by the TRICARE Program, the health care program for military personnel, retirees, and related beneficiaries. All of these price reporting requirements create risk of submitting false information to the government, and potential FCA liability.

The VHCA also requires labelers of covered therapeutics participating in the Medicaid program to enter into Federal Supply Schedule contracts with the VA through which their covered therapeutics must be sold to certain federal agencies at FCP. This necessitates compliance with applicable federal procurement laws and regulations, including submission of commercial sales and pricing information, and subjects us to contractual remedies as well as administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions. In addition, the VHCA requires labelers participating in Medicaid to agree to provide different mandatory discounts to certain Public Health Service grantees and other safety net hospitals and clinics under the 340B program based on the labelers' reported Medicaid pricing information. The 340B program has its own regulatory authority to impose sanctions for non-compliance and adjudicate overcharge claims against labelers by the purchasing entities.

Further, we may be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its respective implementing regulations imposes certain requirements on covered entities and their business associates – certain persons or entities that create, receive, maintain, or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a specified service or performing a function on behalf of a covered entity. In addition, other federal and state laws may govern the privacy and security of health and other information in certain circumstances. For example, state data breach notification laws, state health information and/or genetic privacy laws, and federal and state consumer protection and consumer privacy laws (such as Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (the "FTC Act") and the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CCPA")) and other similar states laws differ from each other in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts. Any failure by us or any of our third-party service providers to follow such laws could result in significant liability or reputational harm under such state and federal privacy and other laws. The landscape of federal and state laws regulating personal data is constantly evolving, and compliance with these laws requires a flexible privacy framework and substantial resources, and compliance efforts will likely be an increasing and substantial cost in the future.

Outside the United States, our operations may implicate international data protection laws, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 ("EU GDPR"). The EU GDPR and the EU GDPR as incorporated into the laws of the United Kingdom ("UK GDPR," together with the EU GDPR, "GDPR") impose strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze, and transfer personal data, including health data and samples from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. For example, these obligations and restrictions may concern obtaining explicit consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relate, providing transparency notices to individuals, sharing personal data with third parties, transferring personal data out of the EU, reporting personal data breaches with data protection authorities and affected individuals, and ensuring the security and confidentiality of personal data. Violations of EU data protection laws may result in significant financial penalties (including possible fines of up to 4% of global annual turnover for the preceding financial year or €20 million (or €17.5 million in the UK) whichever is higher). The EU GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with data protection authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the EU GDPR. These privacy and data protection laws and regulations increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process, and compliance has been and is expected to continue to be difficult, constantly evolving, costly and time consuming.

Moreover, as a result of the broad scale release and availability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as generative AI, there is a global trend towards more regulation (e.g., the EU AI Act and AI laws passed in states of the United States) to ensure the ethical use, privacy, and security of AI and the data that it processes. Compliance with such laws will likely be an increasing and substantial cost in the future.

Many states have also adopted laws similar to certain of the above federal laws, which may be broader in scope and apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers. Certain state laws also regulate sponsors' use of prescriber-identifiable data. Certain states also require implementation of commercial compliance programs and compliance with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, or otherwise restrict payments or the provision of other items of value that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; impose restrictions on marketing practices; or require drug companies to track and report information related to payments, gifts, and other items of value to physicians and other healthcare providers. Other state laws and local ordinances require identification or licensing of sales representatives.

Recently, states have enacted or are considering legislation intended to make drug prices more transparent and deter significant price increases, typically as consumer protection laws. These laws may affect our future sales, marketing, and other promotional activities by imposing administrative and compliance burdens.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws or regulations described above or any other applicable laws, we may be subject to penalties or other enforcement actions, including significant criminal, civil, and/or administrative monetary penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, corporate integrity agreements, suspension and debarment from government contracts, and refusal of orders under existing government contracts, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws, and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

Coverage and Reimbursement

The commercial success of our product candidates and our ability to commercialize any approved product candidates successfully will depend in part on the extent to which governmental payor programs at the federal and state levels, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, and other third-party payors provide coverage for and establish adequate reimbursement levels for our product candidates. Government authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations generally decide which therapeutics they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for healthcare. Medicare is a federally funded program managed by CMS through local fiscal intermediaries and carriers that administer coverage and reimbursement for certain healthcare items and services furnished to the elderly and disabled. Medicaid is an insurance program for certain categories of patients whose income and assets fall below state defined levels and who are otherwise uninsured that is both federally and state funded and managed by each state. The federal government sets general guidelines for Medicaid and each state creates specific regulations that govern its individual program, including supplemental rebate programs that restrict coverage to therapeutics on the state Preferred Drug List. Similarly, government laws and regulations establish the parameters for coverage of prescription therapeutics by health plans participating in state exchanges and TRICARE. Some states have also created pharmacy assistance programs for individuals who do not qualify for federal programs. In the United States, private

health insurers and other third-party payors often provide reimbursement for products and services based on the level at which the government provides reimbursement through the Medicare or Medicaid programs for such products and services.

In the United States, the EU, and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which often has resulted in average selling prices lower than they would otherwise be and sometimes at or below the provider's acquisition cost. In the United States, it is also common for government and private health plans to use coverage determinations to leverage rebates from labelers in order to reduce the plans' net costs. These restrictions and limitations influence the purchase of healthcare services and products and lower the realization on labelers' sales of prescription therapeutics. Third-party payors are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific therapeutic products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA approved products for a particular indication or might impose high copayment amounts to influence patient choice. Third-party payors also control costs by requiring prior authorization or imposing other dispensing restrictions before covering certain products and by broadening therapeutic classes to increase competition. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. Absent clinical differentiators, third-party payors may treat products as therapeutically equivalent and base formulary decisions on net cost. To lower the prescription cost, labelers frequently rebate a portion of the prescription price to the third-party payors. Recently, purchasers and third-party payors have begun to focus on value of new therapeutics and sought agreements in which price is based on achievement of performance metrics.

Federal programs also impose price controls through mandatory ceiling prices on purchases by federal agencies and federally funded hospitals and clinics and mandatory rebates on retail pharmacy prescriptions paid by Medicaid and TRICARE. These restrictions and limitations influence the purchase of healthcare services and products. Legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government programs may result in lower reimbursement for our product candidates or exclusion of our product candidates from coverage. In addition, government programs like Medicaid include substantial penalties for increasing commercial prices over the rate of inflation which can affect realization and return on investment.

Private payors often rely on the lead of the governmental payors in rendering coverage and reimbursement determinations. Therefore, achieving favorable Medicare coverage and reimbursement is usually a significant gating issue for successful introduction of a new product. In addition, many government programs as a condition of participation mandate fixed discounts or rebates from labelers regardless of formulary position or utilization, and then rely on competition in the market to attain further price reductions, which can greatly reduce realization on the sale.

Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States and on country and regional pricing and reimbursement controls in the EU will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement, and utilization, which may adversely affect our future product sales and results of operations. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, competition within therapeutic classes, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid, and healthcare reform, biotechnological coverage and reimbursement policies, and pricing in general. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Sales of our product candidates will therefore depend substantially, both domestically and internationally, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates, if approved, will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit, and similar healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, and other third-party payors.

As a result of the above, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our product candidates, if approved, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective, or the rebate percentages required to secure coverage may not yield an adequate margin over cost. Additionally, companies are increasingly finding it necessary to establish bridge programs to assist patients with access to new therapies during protracted initial coverage determination periods.

Moreover, a payor's decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved or that significant price concessions will not be required to avoid restrictive conditions. High health plan copayment requirements may result in patients refusing prescriptions or seeking alternative therapies. Additionally, where a new indication has been approved for a drug or biologic previously approved under a different NDA or BLA, health plans may cover off-label use of the original drug, even if it cannot be marketed for the new indication. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in therapeutic development. Legislative action to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government insurance programs may result in lower

reimbursement for our products and product candidates or exclusion of our products and product candidates from coverage. The cost containment measures that healthcare payors and providers are instituting and any healthcare reform could significantly reduce our revenues from the sale of any approved product candidates. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to obtain and maintain third-party coverage or adequate reimbursement for our product candidates in whole or in part.

Healthcare Reform Measures

The United States and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system. The United States government, state legislatures, and foreign governments also have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription products.

In recent years, Congress has considered reductions in Medicare reimbursement levels for products administered by physicians. CMS, the agency that administers the Medicare and Medicaid programs, also has authority to revise reimbursement rates and to implement coverage restrictions for some products. Cost reduction initiatives and changes in coverage implemented through legislation or regulation could decrease utilization of and reimbursement for any approved products. While Medicare regulations apply only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates. Therefore, any reduction in reimbursement that results from federal legislation or regulation may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.

The ACA substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The ACA is intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against healthcare fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on pharmaceutical manufacturers, and impose additional health policy reforms. Among other things, the ACA expanded manufacturers' rebate liability under the MDRP by increasing the minimum Medicaid rebate for both branded and generic products, expanded the 340B program, and revised the definition of AMP, which could increase the amount of Medicaid rebates manufacturers are required to pay to states. The legislation also extended Medicaid rebates, previously due only on fee-for-service Medicaid utilization, to include the utilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well and created an alternative rebate formula for certain new formulations of certain existing products that is intended to increase the amount of rebates due on those products. CMS has issued final regulations to implement the changes to the MDRP and other changes under the ACA. Since that time, there have been significant ongoing efforts to modify or eliminate the ACA. For example, the Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017, repealed the shared responsibility payment for individuals who fail to maintain minimum essential coverage under section 5000A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, commonly referred to as the individual mandate.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the passage of the ACA. The Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, resulted in aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to healthcare providers of up to 2.0% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013. Subsequent legislation extended sequestration through 2031. The American Taxpayer Relief Act among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers, and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") contains substantial drug pricing reforms, including the establishment of a drug price negotiation program within the United States. Department of Health and Human Services that would require manufacturers to charge a negotiated "maximum fair price" for certain units of certain selected drugs or pay an excise tax for noncompliance, the establishment of rebate payment requirements on manufacturers of certain drugs payable under Medicare Parts B and D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation, and a requirement that manufacturers provide certain discounts on Part D drugs. Substantial penalties can be assessed for noncompliance with the drug pricing provisions in the IRA. The IRA could have the effect of reducing the prices we can charge and reimbursement we receive for our products, if approved, thereby reducing our profitability, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. The effects of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry in general is not yet known.

In addition, legislation and regulatory actions have created certain price reporting obligations under the MDRP and 340B Program. Under the MDRP, a manufacturer is required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for its covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds made available to states for its covered outpatient drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates are based on pricing data that manufacturers report on a monthly and quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers Medicare and Medicaid. A manufacturer that becomes aware that its Medicaid reporting for a prior quarter was incorrect, or has changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, may be obligated to resubmit the corrected data for up to three years after those data originally were due, which revisions could affect rebate liability for prior quarters. If a manufacturer fails to pay the required rebate amount or report pricing data on a timely basis, it may be subject to civil monetary penalties and/or termination

of its Medicaid Drug Rebate program agreement, in which case federal payments may not be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part B for its covered outpatient drugs. Federal law requires that any manufacturer that would like federal funds to be available to pay for its covered outpatient drugs under Medicaid or Medicare Part B to also participate in the 340B program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. If a manufacturer is found to have knowingly and intentionally charged 340B covered entities more than the statutorily mandated ceiling price, it could be subject to significant civil monetary penalties and/or such failure also could be grounds for HRSA to terminate its agreement to participate in the 340B program, in which case its covered outpatient drugs would no longer be eligible for federal payment under the Medicaid or Medicare Part B program.

In addition, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (“OBBBA”) imposed significant reductions in Medicaid funding, additional work requirements for Medicaid recipients, and more frequent reenrollment requirements. These changes are expected to place substantial pressure on state Medicaid budgets, reduce enrollment, and limit covered services, which could decrease utilization of, and reimbursement for, our products, if approved.

The costs of prescription pharmaceuticals have also been the subject of considerable discussion in the United States. To date, there have been several recent U.S. congressional inquiries, as well as proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. The Trump Administration has issued executive orders and supported proposed regulatory initiatives in 2025 that could have a significant impact on the prices that we, or any collaborators, may receive for any approved products.

On May 12, 2025, President Trump signed an executive order directing the Secretary of HHS to set and communicate most-favored-nation (“MFN”) price targets to manufacturers and propose a rulemaking plan to impose MFN pricing if “significant progress” is not made, and also directing the federal government to support regulatory paths to allow direct-to-patient sales for companies that meet these targets. The executive order further states that the Administration will take additional action (for example, examining whether marketing approvals should be modified or rescinded or considering individual drug importation waiver authorities) should manufacturers fail to offer American consumers the MFN lowest price. In July 2025, President Trump sent letters to certain pharmaceutical companies demanding that these companies extend MFN pricing to Medicaid and newly launched drugs as well as move to direct-to-consumer models priced at MFN pricing, and soliciting binding commitments by September 29, 2025. Since this time, multiple drug manufacturers have announced plans to, for certain of their drugs, lower prices to reflect similar pricing around the world, and to sell these reduced-price drugs on a direct-to-consumer purchasing platform developed by the federal government; however, it is not known what results will occur to the extent the recipients of these letters do not reduce their U.S. prices.

On December 19, 2025, CMS released two proposed rules that would incorporate MFN pricing principles into federal reimbursement for prescription drugs. The first proposal, the Global Benchmark for Efficient Drug Pricing Model (“GLOBE”) for Medicare Part B, would require manufacturers of specified single source drugs and sole source biologics to pay incremental rebates based on international benchmark prices, with participation triggered for products meeting CMS’s spending and eligibility criteria. The second proposal, the Guarding U.S. Medicare Against Rising Drug Costs (“GUARD”) model for Medicare Part D, would similarly mandate manufacturer rebates for qualifying sole source drugs where the Medicare net price exceeds an MFN benchmark derived from international reference pricing methodologies. As proposed, GLOBE would begin a five year performance period on October 1, 2026 and GUARD would begin its performance period in 2027. These proposals will likely be subject to legal challenges that could delay their implementation or modify their impact on manufacturer pricing and revenue. Additionally, in November 2025, CMS introduced the GENErating cost Reductions for U.S. Medicaid (“GENEROUS”) Model, a voluntary MFN framework for manufacturers participating in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Although it is voluntary, the GENEROUS Model could also impact the drug pricing landscape for manufacturers.

We expect that changes to the ACA, the IRA, and the Medicare and Medicaid programs, additional changes allowing the federal government to directly negotiate prices and changes stemming from other healthcare reform measures, especially with regard to healthcare access or financing or legislation in individual states, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, sometimes establishing Prescription Drug Affordability Boards (or similar entities) to review high-cost drugs, and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We expect that additional federal, state, and foreign healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in limited coverage and reimbursement and reduced demand for our products, once approved, or additional pricing pressures.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") prohibits any United States individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party, or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. Activities that violate the FCPA, even if they occur wholly outside the United States, can result in criminal and civil fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, oversight, and suspension and debarment from government contracts, and refusal of orders under existing government contracts. Enforcement actions may be brought by the Department of Justice or the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and legislation has expanded the SEC's power to seek disgorgement in all FCPA cases filed in federal court and extended the statute of limitations in the SEC enforcement actions in intent-based claims such as those under FCPA from five years to ten years.

Compliance with the FCPA may require significant technical and legal expertise and capital investment, which may be costly and cannot be predicted with certainty. Criminal and/or civil violations or alleged violations of the FCPA can result in significant criminal and/or civil penalties, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from government contracts, imprisonment of current or former employees, or other sanctions. They may also result in litigation with affected parties. Any of these factors may have an adverse effect on our operations and/or reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, competitive position, and other results of operations. We are subject to other international anti-corruption laws which may entail similar risks.

Regulation Outside of the United States

In addition to regulations in the United States, we may be subject to a variety of regulations in foreign jurisdictions that govern, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates, if approved, either directly or through our distribution partners. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product candidate, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing and sale of the product in those countries. The foreign regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with the FDA approval process described above, and the time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product approval, pricing, and reimbursement vary from country to country. For instance, for conducting clinical trials in the EU, Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 (Clinical Trials Regulation) has applied since 31 January 2022. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in other countries. Moreover, some nations may not accept clinical studies performed for the United States approval to support approval in their countries or require that additional studies be performed on natives of their countries. In addition, in certain foreign markets, the pricing of drug products is subject to government control and reimbursement may in some cases be unavailable or insufficient. Resulting prices could be insufficient to generate an acceptable return to us or any future partner of ours. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecution.

European Union Drug Development and Approval

Clinical Trial Approval

In April 2014, the EU adopted the Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, or CTR, which repealed and replaced the previous Clinical Trials Directive (2001/20/EC) on January 31, 2022. The transitory provisions of the CTR provide that all ongoing clinical trials must have transitioned to the CTR by January 31, 2025. The CTR overhauls the previous system of approvals for clinical trials in the EU. Specifically, the CTR, which is directly applicable in all EU Member States (meaning no national implementing legislation in each Member State is required), aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical trials in the EU, simplifying adverse-event reporting procedures, improving the supervision of clinical trials and increasing their transparency. The main characteristics of the CTR include: a streamlined application procedure via a single-entry point through the Clinical Trials Information System, or CTIS; a single set of documents to be prepared and submitted for the application as well as simplified reporting procedures for clinical trial sponsors; and a harmonized procedure for the

assessment of applications for clinical trials. The role of the relevant ethics committees in the assessment procedure continues to be governed by the national law of the applicable Member State, however overall related timelines are defined by the CTR.

Marketing Authorization

To obtain a marketing authorization for a product in the EU, an applicant must submit a MAA, either under a centralized procedure administered by the EMA or one of the procedures administered by competent authorities in the EU Member States (decentralized procedure, national procedure, or mutual recognition procedure). A marketing authorization may be granted only to an applicant established in the EU or the additional Member States of the European Economic Area (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) ("EEA").

The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization by the EC that is valid for all EU Member States, as well as the additional Member States of the EEA. Pursuant to Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004, the centralized procedure is compulsory for specific products, including for medicines produced by certain biotechnological processes, products designated as orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy medicinal products (gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines) and products with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of cancer, HIV, AIDS, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and other immune dysfunctions or viral diseases. The centralized procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EU, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the EU.

Under the centralized procedure, the CHMP, established at the EMA is responsible for conducting an initial assessment of a product. The maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a MAA is 210 days, excluding clock stops when additional information or written or oral explanation is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions of the CHMP. Clock stops may extend the timeframe of evaluation of an application considerably beyond 210 days. Where the CHMP gives a positive opinion, the EMA provides the opinion together with supporting documentation to the EC, who makes the final decision to grant a marketing authorization, which is issued within 67 days of receipt of the EMA’s recommendation. Accelerated evaluation may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest from the viewpoint of public health and, in particular, therapeutic innovation. If the CHMP accepts such a request, the time limit of 210 days will be reduced to 150 days, but it is possible that the CHMP may revert to the standard time limit for the centralized procedure if it determines that it is no longer appropriate to conduct an accelerated assessment.

National marketing authorizations, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EU and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EU, this national authorization can be recognized in other Member States through the mutual recognition procedure. If the product has not received a national authorization in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the decentralized procedure.

Data and Market Exclusivity in the European Union

In the EU, new chemical entities (including both small molecules and biological medicinal products) approved on the basis of a complete and independent data package qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon marketing authorization and an additional two years of market exclusivity. Data exclusivity, if granted, prevents generic or biosimilar applicants from referencing the innovator’s pre-clinical and clinical trial data contained in the dossier of the reference product when applying for a generic or biosimilar marketing authorization, for a period of eight years from the date on which the reference product was first authorized in the EU. During the additional two-year period of market exclusivity, a generic or biosimilar MAA can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but no medicinal product can be marketed until the expiration of the market exclusivity. The overall ten-year period will be extended to a maximum of eleven years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to authorization, is held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with currently approved therapies. There is no guarantee that a product will be considered by the EMA to be a new chemical entity, and products may not qualify for data exclusivity. Even if a product is considered to be a new chemical entity so that the innovator gains the prescribed period of data exclusivity, another company could nevertheless also market another version of the product if such company obtained marketing authorization based on a marketing authorization application with a complete and independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests and clinical trials.

Orphan Designation and Exclusivity

Regulation (EC) No 141/2000 and Regulation (EC) No. 847/2000 provide that a product can be designated as an orphan medicinal product by the EC if its sponsor can establish that: (1) the product is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition, (2) either (i) such condition affects no more than five in ten thousand persons in the EU when the application is made, or (ii) without the benefits derived from orphan status, it is unlikely

that the marketing of the product in the EU would generate sufficient return to justify the necessary investment in its development; (3) there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition in question that has been authorized in the EU or, if such method exists, the product would be of significant benefit to those affected by that condition.

An orphan designation provides a number of benefits, including fee reductions, regulatory assistance and the possibility to apply for a centralized EU marketing authorization. Marketing authorization for an orphan medicinal product leads to a ten-year period of market exclusivity being granted following marketing approval of the orphan product. During this market exclusivity period, the EMA, the EC or the competent authorities of the EU Member States may only grant marketing authorization to a “similar medicinal product” for the same therapeutic indication if: (i) a second applicant can establish that its product, although similar to the authorized product, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior; (ii) the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or (iii) the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product. A “similar medicinal product” is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in an authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. The market exclusivity period for the authorized therapeutic indication may, however, be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation because, for example, the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify market exclusivity. Orphan designation must be requested before submitting an application for marketing approval. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the EEA.

Reform of the Regulatory Framework in the European Union

The EC introduced legislative proposals in April 2023 that, if implemented, will replace the current regulatory framework in the EU for all medicines (including those for rare diseases and for children). The EC has provided the legislative proposals to the European Parliament and the European Council for their review and approval, and, in April 2024, the European Parliament proposed amendments to the legislative proposals. Once the EC's legislative proposals are approved (with or without amendment), they will be adopted into EU law.

HUMAN CAPITAL

As of February 24, 2026, we had 116 employees, of which 79 employees are located in the United States, 34 are located in India and three are located in Canada. The majority of the employees are full-time. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. In addition to our employees, we engage various consultants to support key areas of our business, including support of our research and development, administrative, manufacturing, and commercialization activities.

Talent Management

Our human capital is critical to the success of our mission to deliver new options for people facing serious disease and conditions. We consider the performance, skills, and intellectual capital of our employees to be an essential driver of this mission and a key to our future prospects. As such, we emphasize a number of measures and objectives in attracting, retaining, and developing our human capital, including, among others, employee safety, wellness, engagement, and compensation and pay equity. Additionally, we recognize that our employees perform best when they know how their work contributes to our overall strategy. To achieve this, we emphasize open and direct communication through the use of a variety of channels, including company-wide business updates and written communications from the leadership team.

Compensation and Benefits

Our compensation programs are designed to align our employees' interests with our achievement of our primary business goals. The salaries, bonuses, and opportunities for equity ownership provided to our employees are competitive within our industry and we engage outside compensation and benefits consulting firms to independently evaluate the effectiveness of our compensation and benefit programs and to provide benchmarking against our peers within the industry. The benefit options we provide are comprehensive and allow our employees and their families to live healthier and more secure lives. All full-time employees are eligible for medical, dental, and vision insurance, paid time off, a 401(k) plan, and group life and disability coverage.

Employee Development and Leadership

The development of our employees is critical to our success. We believe that continued learning and development is an essential part to retaining our employees and creating a culture of learning and leadership. We encourage employees to participate and to take advantage of a variety of learning and development resources that we provide, including online skills courses, professional development events, and internal and external training programs based on individual needs.

Values

We are guided by a commitment to accountability, respect, and collaboration. These principles drive the values of our employees and agents that enable us to propel the future of medical science. These values include:

•Respect — Acknowledging individual talents and understanding success requires everyone.

•Integrity — An unwavering commitment to do what is right.

•Teamwork — Collaboratively arriving at solutions so our people, patients, and shareholders benefit.

•Accountability — Taking ownership of key deliverables.

CORPORATE INFORMATION

We were originally incorporated as a Massachusetts corporation in 2000 under the name Histogenics and underwent a corporate reorganization in 2006, pursuant to which we were reincorporated as a Delaware corporation. On September 27, 2019, we completed a reverse merger (the "Merger") with Ocugen OpCo, Inc. ("OpCo") in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of April 5, 2019, by and among OpCo, Restore Merger Sub, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary ("Merger Sub"), and us, as amended, pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into OpCo, with OpCo surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary. Immediately after the completion of the Merger, we changed our name to Ocugen, Inc. and the business previously conducted by OpCo became the business conducted by us. Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market ("Nasdaq") under the symbol “OCGN.”

Our principal office is located at 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, and our telephone number is (484) 328-4701. Our website address is www.ocugen.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and is not considered part of this Annual Report. You should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our common stock.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other documents with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The SEC maintains an internet website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC. Copies of each of our filings with the SEC on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, and Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, can be viewed and downloaded free of charge at our website, www.ocugen.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports and amendments are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and is not considered part of this Annual Report.

A copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are posted on our website, www.ocugen.com, under “Investors”. Any amendments to Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are also being posted on our website, www.ocugen.com, under “Investors”.