NYSE: NX

Since the spin-off in 2008, we have evolved our business by making investments in organic growth initiatives and taking a disciplined approach to new business and strategic acquisition opportunities, while disposing of non-core businesses. Most recently, on August 1, 2024, we completed our acquisition of Tyman plc, a company incorporated in England and Wales (“Tyman”). This strategic acquisition creates an enlarged group with significant cross-selling opportunities amongst a highly complementary customer base, increases the Company’s global reach by adding Tyman’s international footprint, enhances scale, optimizes the Company’s asset portfolio, and moves Quanex closer to being a comprehensive solutions provider.

As of October 31, 2025, we operated 34 manufacturing facilities located in 18 states in the U.S., 7 facilities in the U.K., 3 facilities in Mexico, 2 facilities in Italy, 1 facility in Germany, and 1 facility in Canada. These facilities feature efficient plant design and flexible manufacturing processes, enabling us to produce a wide variety of custom engineered products and components. We are able to maintain minimal levels of finished goods inventories at most locations because we typically manufacture products upon order to customer specifications. We believe the primary drivers of our operating results are residential remodeling and replacement activity and new home construction in the markets we serve.

Our Industry

Our business is largely based in North America and dependent upon the spending and growth activity levels of our customers which include national and regional residential window, door and cabinet manufacturers and distributors, and commercial construction contractors. Our international presence includes vinyl extruded lineals for large house systems to smaller individual customers, as well as window and door hardware, seals, and extrusions to OEMs, system houses, and distributors. Additionally, we also have insulating glass and window and door hardware businesses in the U.K., Germany and Italy.

We use data related to housing starts and window shipments in the U.S., as published by or derived from third-party sources, to evaluate the fenestration market. We also use data related to cabinet demand in the U.S. to evaluate the residential cabinet market, and commercial building starts to evaluate the commercial access market.

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The following table presents calendar-year annual housing starts information as of November 2025 from the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) (units in thousands):

Single-family UnitsMulti-family UnitsManufactured Units

PeriodUnits% ChangeUnits % ChangeUnits % ChangeTotal Units

Annual Data

20211,12913%47420%10612%1,709

20221,005(11)%54715%1137%1,665

2023947(6)%473(14)%89(21)%1,509

20241,0167%355(25)%10316%1,474

Annual Data - Forecast

2025947(7)%41015%1063%1,463

2026951—%395(4)%106—%1,452

20279823%389(2)%1082%1,479

Ducker Worldwide LLC, a consulting and research firm, indicated in November 2025 that window shipments in the residential remodeling and replacement (R&R) market are expected to decrease approximately 5.2% and 1.9% in the calendar-years ended 2025 and 2026, respectively. Derived from reports published by Ducker, overall window shipments decreased 3.9%, new construction activity decreased 5.3%, and R&R replacement decreased 2.6%, respectively, for the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2025.

We have noted the following trends which we believe affect our industry:

•the growth in the housing market over the past several years has been predominately in new construction which has outpaced the growth in the residential remodeling and replacement sector;

•programs in the U.S. such as Energy Star have improved customer awareness of the technological advances in window and door energy-efficiency, but the government has been reluctant to enforce stricter energy standards;

•over the past several years, supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures related to transportation, labor, and raw materials have increased and at times have caused delays in production and higher prices;

•foreign currency rates in the U.K. and other European nations have changed significantly relative to the United States Dollar due in part fluctuations in interest rates, economic indicators, political instability, as well as other international unrest or uncertainties;

•ongoing uncertainty and turmoil related to U.S. and international tariff actions, including potential changes in tariff rates, retaliation by trading partners, and resulting volatility in material costs and supply chain planning;

•commodity prices have fluctuated in recent years, and to the extent we cannot pass this cost to our customers, this impacts the cost of critical materials used in our manufacturing processes such as resin, which affects margins related to our vinyl extrusion products; oil products such as butyl, which affects our insulating glass products; and stainless steel, zinc, aluminum, wood, polypropylene and silicone products used by our other businesses; and

•higher energy efficiency standards in Europe should favorably impact sales of our insulating glass spacer and weather seal products in the short- to mid-term.

Strategy

Our vision is to be the preferred supplier to our customers in each market we serve and exceed expectations of all stakeholders. Our strategy to achieve this vision includes the following:

•focus on profitable growth and explore markets that are synergistic with existing manufacturing capabilities and expand our market share with our customers and collaborative partnerships by providing: (1) a quality product; (2) a high level of customer service; (3) product choices at different price points; and (4) an expanded product portfolio or enhancements to existing product offerings. These enhancements may include higher thermal efficiency, enhanced functionality, improved weatherability, better appearance and best-in-class quality for our fenestration and cabinet door products;

•realize improved profitability in our manufacturing processes through: (1) ongoing preventive maintenance programs; (2) better utilization of our capacity by focusing on operational efficiencies and reducing scrap; (3) marketing our value added products; and (4) focusing on employee safety;

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•offer logistics solutions that provide our customers with just-in-time service which can reduce their processing costs;

•emphasize sustainability by continually looking for ways to reduce our environmental impact and carbon footprint, protect the health and safety of our employees and communities, engage diverse workers and leaders, and remain committed to doing good in our community;

•pursue targeted business acquisitions that allow us to expand our existing footprint, enhance our existing product offerings, acquire complementary technology, enhance our leadership position within the markets we serve, and expand into adjacent markets or service lines; and

•exit unprofitable or non-core service lines or customer relationships.

Our Strengths

We believe our strengths include design expertise, new technology development capability, high quality manufacturing, just-in-time delivery systems, customer service and the ability to generate unique patented products.

Raw Materials and Supplies

We purchase a diverse range of raw materials, which include PVC resin, epoxy resin, butyl, titanium dioxide (TiO2) desiccant powder, silicone and EPDM rubber compounds, polypropylene, coated and uncoated aluminum sheet, steel, stainless steel, zinc and wood (both hardwood and softwood). These raw materials are generally available from several suppliers at market prices.

Competition

Our products are sold under highly competitive conditions. We believe the primary competitive factors in the markets we serve include price, product quality, delivery performance, and the ability to manufacture to customer specifications. The volume of engineered building products that we sell in the U.S. represents a small percentage of annual domestic consumption. Similarly, our subsidiaries in the U.K. compete against some larger vinyl producers and smaller window manufacturers. The U.K. and International market is highly fragmented and we compete with a large number of other component suppliers. For our wood business, we believe we are the largest supplier to OEMs in the U.S., but we compete with other national and regional businesses, including OEMs who are vertically integrated.

We compete against a range of small and mid-size metal, vinyl and wood products suppliers, wood molding companies, and the in-house operations of customers who have vertically integrated fenestration operations. We also compete against insulating glass (IG) spacer manufacturing firms. IG systems are used in numerous end markets including residential housing, commercial construction, appliances and transportation, but we primarily serve the residential housing market. Competition is largely based on regional presence, custom engineering, product development, quality, service and price. Primary competitors in North America include, but are not limited to, Assa Abloy, FlexScreen, Hoppe, Interlock, Radisson Industries, RiteScreen, Roto, Screenco, ScreenFab, and Vision Hardware. Competitors in the vinyl extrusion business in the U.K. include Epwin, Eurocell, Profine U.K. Extrusions Ltd., Veka, and others. Primary competitors in the wood business in the U.S. include Appalachian Wood, Conestoga, Northern Contours, Olon, and others. Primary competitors in the U.K. and European hardware and seals businesses include Assa Abloy, GU, Hoppe, Maco, Roto, Siegenia, and Tecseal.

Sales, Marketing, and Distribution

We sell our products to customers in various countries. We have sales representatives whose territories essentially cover the U.S., Canada, Europe, and to a lesser extent, the Middle East, Latin and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Our sales force is tasked with selling and marketing our complete range of components, products and systems to national and regional OEMs through a direct sales force in North America and Europe, supplemented with the use of distributors and independent sales agents.

Customers

Certain of our businesses or product lines are largely dependent on a relatively few large customers. See Note 1, “Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Concentration of Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the accompanying financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for related disclosure.

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Sales Backlog

Given the short lead times involved in our business, we have a backlog of approximately $54.1 million as of October 31, 2025. As the criteria for revenue recognition has not been met with regard to sales backlog, we have not recorded revenue or deferred revenue pursuant to these sales orders. If these sales orders result in a sale, we will record revenue in fiscal 2026 in accordance with our revenue recognition accounting policy.

Seasonal Nature of Business

Our business is impacted by seasonality. We have historically experienced lower sales for our products during the first half of our fiscal year as winter weather reduces homebuilding and home improvement activity. Our operating income tends to decline during this period of lower sales because a higher percentage of our operating expenses are fixed overhead. Our business activity generally increases in the third and fourth quarters of the fiscal year as weather conditions improve, resulting in higher relative volumes compared to the first half of the year. Expenses for labor and other costs are generally semi-variable throughout the year.

Working Capital

We fund operations through a combination of available cash and cash equivalents, cash flow generated from our operations, and borrowings from our revolving credit facility. We extend credit to our domestic customers in the ordinary course of business generally for a term of 30 days, while the terms for our international customers vary from cash advances to 90 days. Inventories of raw materials are carried in quantities deemed necessary to ensure a smooth production process, some of which are governed by consignment agreements with suppliers. We strive to maintain minimal finished goods inventories, while ensuring an adequate supply on hand to service customer needs.

Service Marks, Trademarks, Trade Names, and Patents

Our federally registered trademarks or service marks include QUANEX, QUANEX and design, “Q” design, TRUSEAL TECHNOLOGIES, DURASEAL, DURALITE, SOLARGAIN, ENVIROSEALED WINDOWS, EDGETHERM, EDGETECH, ECOBLEND, SUPER SPACER, TSS, TRUE WARM, E & Design, QUIET EDGE, HEALTH SMART WINDOWS, ENERGY WISE WINDOWS, DESI-ROPE, 360 and design, INTELLICLIP, SUSTAINAVIEW, MIKRON, MIKRONWOOD, MIKRONBLEND, MIKRON BLEND and design, ENERGYCORE, FUSION INSULATED SYSTEM, AIRCELL, SUPERCOAT, SUPERCAP, STYLELOCK, STYLELOCK and design, MIKRON and design, HOMESHIELD, HOMESHIELD and design, STORM SEAL, and TENON. We consider the following marks, design marks and associated trade names to be valuable in the conduct of our business: AMESBURYTRUTH, ASHLAND,BILCO, EDGETECH, ERA, GIESSE, HOMESHIELD, HOWE GREEN, LAWRENCE, MIKRON, REGUITTI, SAFEGAURD, SECUREGAURD, SCHLEGEL, TRUSEAL TECHNOLOGIES, TRUTH HARDWARE, TYMAN, QUANEX, and ZOO. Through Liniar, we hold a number of registered designs, patents and trademarks registered in the U.K., which include: MODLOK, LINIAR, SUPER CUT, ENERGY PLUS & Device, FLAMSTEAD HOLDINGS & Device, HL PLASTICS & Device, VINTAGE WINDOWS & Device, RESURGENCE, FUSE, ELEVATE, SWITCHBOARD and various other trademarks and patents which are pending approval. Generally, our business does not depend on patent protection, but patents obtained with regard to our vinyl extrusion products and processes, fabricated metal components and IG spacer products business remain a valuable competitive advantage over other building products manufacturers. We obtain patent protection for various dyes and other tooling created in connection with the production of customer-specific vinyl profile designs and vinyl extrusions. Our fabricated metal components business obtains patent protection for its thresholds. Our window sealant business unit relies on patents to protect the design of several of its window spacer products. Although we hold numerous patents, the proprietary process technology that has been developed is also considered a source of competitive advantage.

Environmental and Employee Safety Matters

We are subject to extensive laws and regulations concerning worker safety, the discharge of materials into the environment and the remediation of chemical contamination. To satisfy such requirements, we must make capital and other expenditures on an ongoing basis. The cost of worker safety and environmental matters has not had a material adverse effect on our operations or financial condition in the past, and we are not currently aware of any existing conditions that we believe are likely to have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

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Safety and Environmental Policies

For many years, we have maintained compliance policies that are designed to help protect our workforce, to identify and reduce the potential for job-related accidents, and to minimize liabilities and other financial impacts related to worker safety and environmental issues. These policies include extensive employee training and education, as well as internal policies embodied in our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We have a Vice President of Environmental, Health and Safety and maintain a company-wide committee, comprising leaders from across the organization, which meets regularly to discuss safety issues and drive safety improvements. We plan to continue to focus on safety in particular as a core strategy to improve our operational efficiency and financial performance.

Remediation

Under applicable state and federal laws, we may be responsible for, among other things, all or part of the costs required to remove or remediate wastes or hazardous substances at locations we, or our predecessors, have owned or operated. From time to time, we also have been alleged to be liable for all or part of the costs incurred to clean up third-party sites where there might have been an alleged improper disposal of hazardous substances. At present, we are not involved in any such matters.

Environmental Compliance Costs

From time to time, we incur routine expenses and capital expenditures associated with compliance with existing environmental regulations, including control of air emissions and water discharges, and plant decommissioning costs. We have not incurred any material expenses or capital expenditures related to environmental matters during the past three fiscal years, and do not expect to incur a material amount of such costs in fiscal 2026. While we will continue to have future expenditures related to environmental matters, any such amounts are impossible to reasonably estimate at this time. Based upon our experience to date, we do not believe that our compliance with environmental requirements will have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Human Capital

Human capital metrics that we consider to be key to our business include employee headcount, temporary workers, health and safety, and turnover. As of October 31, 2025, we had 7,071 full-time employees located throughout our global organization. Generally, the total number of employees of Quanex and its subsidiaries does not significantly fluctuate throughout the year.

Employee turnover rates are monitored monthly at the division and plant levels. Both voluntary and involuntary terminations, including retirements, are used to calculate the turnover rate. Our human capital objectives include attracting, developing, motivating, rewarding, and retaining our existing and new employees. We offer our employees online training courses and on-the-job training on job duties, safety requirements, and leadership skills.

For Investors

We periodically file or furnish documents to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other reports as required. These reports are also available free of charge from the Investor Relations Section of our website at http://www.quanex.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material or furnish it to the SEC. As permitted by the SEC rules, we post relevant information on our website. However, the information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this report.