NASDAQ: MNKD

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V-Go is a mechanical basal-bolus insulin delivery system that is worn like a patch and can eliminate the need for taking multiple daily injections. V-Go administers a continuous preset basal rate of insulin over 24 hours and provides discreet on-demand bolus dosing at mealtimes. V-Go received 510(k) clearance by the FDA in 2010 and has been available commercially since 2012. In May 2022, we acquired V-Go from Zealand Pharma A/S and Zealand Pharma US, Inc. (together “Zealand”).

We anticipate two potential milestones for our cardiometabolic business in 2026 based on regulatory submissions that we made in 2025. The FDA is currently reviewing a supplemental Biologics License Application ("sBLA") pursuant to which we are seeking approval for Afrezza in children and adolescents living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The sBLA has been assigned a Prescription Drug User Fee Act ("PDUFA") target action date of May 29, 2026. The FDA is also reviewing a supplemental New Drug Application ("sNDA") pursuant to which we are seeking approval for Furoscix ReadyFlow Autoinjector ("ReadyFlow Formulation"), a high-concentration formulation of furosemide that is delivered subcutaneously in under ten seconds. The sNDA has been assigned a PDUFA target action date of July 26, 2026.

In the United States, we are solely responsible for the commercialization of Afrezza, Furoscix and V-Go. Outside of the U.S., our strategy has been to establish regional partnerships in foreign jurisdictions where there are commercial opportunities, subject to the receipt of necessary foreign regulatory approvals. In December 2025, we supplied our partner in India, Cipla Ltd. (“Cipla”), with an initial shipment of Afrezza to support their launch of Afrezza in India.

The proprietary formulation and inhaler technologies used in Afrezza have also been deployed in our efforts to develop products to treat orphan lung diseases. Our first product to address an orphan lung disease, Tyvaso DPI (treprostinil) inhalation powder, received FDA approval in May 2022 for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension ("PAH") and pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease ("PH-ILD"). Our development and marketing partner (sometimes referred to as our collaboration partner), United Therapeutics Corporation (“United Therapeutics” or “UT”) began commercializing Tyvaso DPI in June 2022 and is obligated to pay us a royalty on net sales of the product. We also receive revenue for the supply of Tyvaso DPI that we manufacture for UT. In August 2025, we announced the expansion of our collaboration, pursuant to which we will formulate MNKD-1501, a second investigational molecule using our proprietary technologies, and United Therapeutics will conduct preclinical and clinical development activities. Per the agreement, we received an upfront payment and are eligible to receive milestone payments upon achievement of specified development milestones as well as royalties on net sales of MNKD-1501, if approved.

The other major program in our pipeline that will potentially address an orphan lung disease is MNKD-201, a dry-powder formulation of nintedanib for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ("IPF"). An oral dosage form of nintedanib has been available for more than a decade. However, a fairly large oral dose is required in order to achieve sufficient drug levels in lung tissue. High systemic levels of nintedanib are often associated with undesirable side effects. Our goal with an inhaled formulation is to deliver a therapeutic amount of nintedanib to the lungs while avoiding high levels of the drug in other tissues. In 2024, we conducted a Phase 1 clinical study of MNKD-201, which met its primary objective of demonstrating positive safety results and good tolerability in healthy volunteers. We are currently conducting a Phase 1b

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study of MNKD-201 in the United States, top line data expected in early 2H 2026, as well as a global Phase 2 study to assess the potential safety and efficacy of this investigational product in patients with IPF, in which we expect the first patient to be enrolled in in Q2 2026.

MNKD-701 is another pipeline opportunity that we are exploring. This program is focused on bumetanide, a more potent loop diuretic than furosemide. We are currently evaluating the feasibility of formulating bumetanide as a dry-powder that can be administered via oral inhalation.

Manufacturing and Supply

Technosphere powders, such as Afrezza, Tyvaso DPI, MNKD-201 and MNKD-701, are based on our proprietary excipient, fumaryl diketopiperazine (“FDKP”), which is a pH-sensitive organic molecule that self-assembles into small particles under acidic conditions. Certain drugs can be loaded onto these particles by combining a solution of the drug with a solution or suspension of Technosphere material, which is then dried to powder form. The resulting powder has a consistent and narrow range of particle sizes with good aerodynamic properties that enable efficient delivery deep into the lungs. Technosphere powders dissolve quickly when the particles contact the moist lung surface with its neutral pH, releasing the drug molecules to diffuse across a thin layer of cells into the arterial circulation, bypassing the liver to provide excellent systemic exposure. In our Danbury, Connecticut facility, we can develop novel Technosphere formulations of different pharmaceutical ingredients and manufacture clinical and commercial supplies of these powders. In our manufacturing suites, we formulate commercial-scale quantities of both the Afrezza and Tyvaso DPI inhalation powders, fill plastic cartridges with the powders and package the cartridges into overwraps for Afrezza and blister packs for Tyvaso DPI. Afrezza and certain Tyvaso DPI final patient kits are assembled at our Connecticut facility, by combining overwraps or blister packs, inhalers, and the applicable package inserts. Final packaging of clinical supplies is performed by an external contract packager.

Our Technosphere powders are intended to be administered with our innovative, breath-powered, dry powder inhalers. Our inhalers are easy to use, cost-effective and can be produced in both a reusable (chronic treatment) and a single-use (acute treatment) format. Both the reusable and single-use inhaler formats use the same internal air-flow design. Both Afrezza and Tyvaso DPI use the reusable format (also known as Dreamboat). Being breath-powered, our inhaler requires only the patient’s inhalation effort to deliver the powder. To administer a dose of the inhalation powder, a patient loads a cartridge into our inhaler and inhales through the mouthpiece. Upon inhalation, the dry powder is lifted out of the cartridge and broken up (or de-agglomerated) into small particles. The inhalers are engineered to produce an aggressive airstream that de-agglomerates the powder while keeping the powder moving relatively slowly. This slow-moving powder effectively navigates the patient’s airways to reach the deep lung with minimal deposition at the back of the throat. Our inhalers show very little change in performance (i.e., efficient cartridge emptying) over a wide range of inhalation efforts. We have a supply agreement with the contract manufacturer that produces the plastic-molded parts for our inhaler and the corresponding cartridges. We expect to be able to qualify an additional vendor of plastic-molding contract manufacturing services, if warranted by demand. We assemble the inhalers from the individual components at our Connecticut facility.

The quality management systems of our Connecticut facility have been certified to be in conformance with the ISO 13485:2016 standard. Our facility is inspected on a regular basis by the FDA, most recently in October 2025 when the FDA conducted an unannounced GMP inspection related to Afrezza and Tyvaso DPI. The inspection concluded without any observations requiring a Form 483. The FDA and other foreign jurisdictions are expected to conduct additional inspections of our facility from time to time.

We believe that our Connecticut facility has enough capacity to satisfy the current demand for Afrezza and Tyvaso DPI, especially given the recent expansion of our production capacity in order to meet the demand for Tyvaso DPI projected by UT over the next several years. The costs of this expansion project were primarily borne by UT.

Currently, the only source of insulin that we have qualified for Afrezza is manufactured by Amphastar France Pharmaceuticals S.A.S. (“Amphastar”). In April 2014, we entered into a supply agreement with Amphastar (as amended, the “Insulin Supply Agreement”) to purchase certain annual minimum quantities with an aggregate purchase commitment of €120.1 million over a term that currently extends through at least December 31, 2034. As of December 31, 2025, there was €55.2 million remaining in aggregate purchase commitments under this agreement. See additional information in Note 16 – Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements for further information related to the Insulin Supply Agreement.

The treprostinil used to produce Tyvaso DPI is supplied to us at no cost by United Therapeutics.

In the past, we purchased FDKP, the primary component of Technosphere powders, from a major chemical manufacturer with facilities in Europe and North America. We subsequently developed a more efficient process for manufacturing FDKP and transferred the new process to a different European chemical manufacturer. We are currently evaluating the comparability of powders made with the two different sources of FDKP. Once the testing is completed, we plan to include the additional source of FDKP in a future update to our drug master file.

A key component of Furoscix is the wearable on-body delivery system, which is applied to the abdomen via a medical grade adhesive and delivers a subcutaneous infusion of Furoscix through a pre-programmed, biphasic delivery profile over a five hour period. The infusor is made by West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. (“West”) pursuant to a supply agreement that currently extends through December 31, 2027 (as

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amended, the “West Supply Agreement”). For other Furoscix components, we use a network of qualified suppliers or contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to produce, manufacture, sterilize and assemble the product. Our suppliers produce the component parts to our designs and specifications. Certain processes utilized in the manufacture and test of our product candidates have been verified and validated as required by the FDA and other regulatory bodies. We believe that our current third-party manufacturers have sufficient capacity to manufacture Furoscix in quantities sufficient to meet our expected commercial needs.

Affordable, high-quality raw materials are essential to the manufacture of Furoscix. Due to their technical specifications, these components may be more limited, as they are available from one or only a few suppliers. We mitigate potential risk in sourcing these materials through inventory and supplier management.

V-Go is manufactured for us by a CMO in Southern China using MannKind-owned, custom-designed, semi-automated manufacturing equipment and production lines that can be brought online and/or staffed up as demand increases. We believe these production lines will have the ability to meet our current and expected near-term demand for V-Go. Additional CMOs in China perform release testing, sterilization, inspection and packaging functions.

V-Go is assembled from components that are manufactured to our specifications. Each completed device is tested to ensure compliance with our engineering and quality assurance specifications. A series of automated inspection checks, including x-ray assessments and lot-released testing, are also conducted throughout the manufacturing process to verify proper assembly and functionality. When mechanical components are sourced from outside vendors, those vendors must meet our detailed qualification and process control requirements. We maintain a team of product and process engineers, supply chain and quality personnel who provide product and production line support for V-Go. We also utilize a full-time dedicated contractor based in China.

Some of the parts and components of V-Go are purchased from single-source vendors, and we manage any single-source components and suppliers through our global supply chain operation. We believe that, if necessary, alternative sources of supply for such components would be available in a relatively short period of time and on commercially reasonable terms once such alternate suppliers have the appropriate tooling in place.

In our Connecticut facility, we manufacture the nintedanib dry powder formulation being evaluated in the MNKD-201 program. We purchase nintedanib from suppliers of generic drug substances.

In general, our suppliers and contract manufacturers are sophisticated and mature organizations, often with multinational operations, that have significant experience with pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing. Our quality and manufacturing personnel conduct extensive inspections to qualify new vendors and conduct periodic GMP audits of their operations on an ongoing basis. Our CMO facilities and the facilities of our critical suppliers are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies.

Intellectual Property

Our success will depend in large measure on our ability to continue enforcing our intellectual property rights, effectively maintain our trade secrets and avoid infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Our policy is to file patent applications on what we deem to be important technological developments that might relate to our product candidates or methods of using our product candidates and to seek intellectual property protection for all inventions in the United States, Europe, Japan and, depending on the nature of the invention, selected other jurisdictions. We have obtained, are seeking, and will continue to seek patent protection on the compositions of matter, methods of treatment and manufacturing processes flowing from our research and development efforts.

Our Technosphere drug delivery platform enjoys patent protection relating to the powder, its manufacture, its use for pulmonary delivery of drugs as well as protection related to our inhalers and associated cartridges. We have additional patent coverage relating to methods for the treatment of diabetes using Afrezza. Overall, Afrezza is protected by approximately 580 issued patents and 40 pending patent applications in the United States and selected jurisdictions around the world, the longest-lived of which will expire in 2032. Similarly, Tyvaso DPI, which is based on the same platform, is protected by approximately 600 issued patents in the United States and elsewhere and an additional 80 pending patent applications. Currently, the longest-lived patent protection for Tyvaso DPI in our portfolio will expire in 2035.

Our Furoscix patent portfolio consists of patent families directed to the composition of matter of our subcutaneous formulation of furosemide and methods of treating edema, hypertension or heart failure using the formulation of furosemide having a concentration of about 2 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL. These patent families include approximately 40 issued patents and 30 pending applications in the United States and elsewhere. The longest-lived patents in this group will expire in 2034. The ReadyFlow Formulation is protected by an additional patent family directed to compositions of matter of liquid pharmaceutical formulations containing an increased concentration of furosemide and methods of treating congestion, edema, fluid overload, or hypertension using these formulations of furosemide. This global patent family includes 25 issued patents and 35 pending applications, with terms extending into 2040.

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Various features of the commercial V-Go device are protected by a portfolio of approximately 60 issued patents and another 10 pending patent applications, the longest-lived of which will expire in 2033. Additional patents and patent applications are expected to provide protection for products in our pipeline, including MNKD-201, MNKD-701, our BluHale inhalation-profiling apparatus and various development tools. Our entire worldwide portfolio consists of approximately 1,100 issued patents and approximately 310 pending patent applications. We expect to file further patent applications as our research and development efforts continue.

Drug delivery is a crowded field and a substantial number of patents have been issued to inventors and companies in this space. In addition, because patent positions can be highly uncertain and frequently involve complex legal and factual questions, the breadth of claims obtained in any application or the enforceability of issued patents cannot be confidently predicted. Further, there can be substantial delays in commercializing pharmaceutical products, which can partially consume the statutory period of exclusivity through patents. For some of our inventions, particularly manufacturing processes and improvements, we have chosen to rely on trade secrets and know-how, which are not protected by patents, to maintain our competitive position.

We use trademarks and service marks to protect our corporate brand as well as the branding associated with Afrezza, Furoscix, V-Go, our Technosphere formulation technology, our device platform and the product support programs that we have developed. Our current portfolio consists of approximately 325 registered trademarks and 85 applications in the U.S. and selected foreign jurisdictions. We routinely monitor competing trademarks and, when necessary, oppose marks that we believe would be confusing to consumers. We also enforce against the unauthorized use or misappropriation of our marks.

Competition

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are highly competitive and characterized by rapidly evolving technology and intense research and development efforts. We compete with companies, including major global pharmaceutical companies, and other institutions that have substantially greater financial, research and development, marketing and sales capabilities and have substantially greater experience in undertaking preclinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing and selling biopharmaceutical products. Consequently, our competitors may develop similar products for the treatment of diabetes, heart failure or for other indications we may pursue in the future, and such competitors’ products may be more effective, better tolerated and less costly than our product candidates. We face competition based on, among other things, product efficacy and safety, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals, product ease of use and price. Our competitors may also be more successful in manufacturing and marketing their products than we are. We will also face competition in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient enrollment in clinical trials.

Afrezza is administered at the beginning of a meal, so its principal competitors are “rapid-acting” insulin analogs that are used for mealtime insulin injections. The products in this category are marketed by Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S and Sanofi S.A. V-Go is typically used by patients as part of a basal-bolus insulin regimen. Like Afrezza, it competes with injectable mealtime insulin products but also with long-acting, or basal, injectable insulins. The principal products in this category are marketed by Novo Nordisk and Sanofi.

Both Afrezza and V-Go also face some competition from glucagon-like peptide-1, or GLP-1, analog injection products. These products are often used in combination with oral medications or basal insulin injection before a patient progresses to a basal-bolus insulin regimen. As a result, we also compete with the manufacturers of GLP-1 analog injection products, such as AstraZeneca PLC, Eli Lilly and Company and Novo Nordisk A/S.

Furoscix faces competition from companies developing therapies that are directly competitive to our approach, and others are more generally developing therapies to treat heart failure. These companies include but are not limited to: Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bioheart, Boston Scientific, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corstasis, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Medtronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sarfez Pharmaceuticals, Servier Pharmaceuticals, SQ Innovation and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. We believe the key competitive factors that will affect the development and commercial success of our product candidates include ease of administration and convenience of dosing, therapeutic efficacy, safety and tolerability profiles and cost.

Government Regulation

The FDA and comparable regulatory agencies in state and local jurisdictions impose substantial requirements upon the research, clinical development, testing, manufacture, labeling, storage, shipping, approval, recordkeeping, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution of medical devices and new drug and biologic products. In addition, to the extent that our products are marketed abroad, they are also subject to export requirements and to regulation by foreign governments. The regulatory approval process is generally lengthy, expensive and uncertain. Failure to comply with applicable FDA and other regulatory requirements can result in sanctions being imposed on us, including warning letters, hold letters on clinical research, product recalls or seizures, total or partial suspension of production or injunctions, refusals to permit products to be imported into or exported out of the United States, refusals of the FDA to grant approval of drugs or to allow us to enter into government supply contracts, withdrawals of previously approved marketing applications, civil or criminal fines or other penalties.

As the holder of marketing approvals for Afrezza, Furoscix and V-Go, we are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including post

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marketing study commitments or requirements, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with our products, submitting periodic reports, drug sampling and distribution requirements, notifying the FDA and gaining its approval of certain manufacturing or labeling changes, and complying with certain electronic records and signature requirements. For example, as part of the approval of Afrezza, the FDA required us to conduct a long-term safety study that was originally intended to compare the incidence of pulmonary malignancy observed with Afrezza to that observed in a standard of care control group. We have an ongoing dialogue with the FDA regarding the agency’s current interest in the long-term safety of Afrezza and an appropriate study design or registry to address any concerns.

As a manufacturer of multiple therapeutic products, including Tyvaso DPI, our Connecticut facility is subject to federal registration and listing requirements and, if applicable, to state licensing requirements. It is also subject to inspection by the FDA and other national regulatory bodies and must comply with current good manufacturing practices (“cGMPs”), quality management system regulations for medical devices (“QMSR”) and other requirements enforced by these regulatory bodies. So too are the facilities of our insulin supplier and the supplier(s) of FDKP. Likewise, the supplier of our inhaler and cartridges and the CMOs for Furoscix and V-Go are subject to QMSR, which requires manufacturers to follow elaborate design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during the manufacturing process of medical devices, among other requirements. A failure, including those of our suppliers, to obtain and maintain applicable federal registrations or state licenses, or to meet the inspection criteria of the FDA or the other national regulatory bodies, would disrupt our manufacturing processes and would harm our business. In complying with standards set forth in these regulations, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to ensure full compliance.

In addition, the FDA imposes complex regulations on entities that advertise and promote drugs, which include, among other requirements, standards for and regulation of direct-to-consumer advertising, industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, promotional activities involving the Internet, and restrictions on off-label promotion. The FDA has very broad enforcement authority, and failure to comply with these regulations can result in penalties, including the issuance of a warning letter, requirements for corrective advertising to healthcare providers, a requirement that future advertising and promotional materials be pre-cleared by the FDA, and state and federal civil and criminal investigations and prosecutions.

Products manufactured in the United States and marketed outside the United States are subject to certain FDA regulations, as well as regulation by the country in which the products are to be sold. We are also subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing clinical trials and drug product sales if products are studied or marketed abroad. Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries usually must be obtained prior to the marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and the time required may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval.

Pricing and Reimbursement

Government coverage and reimbursement policies both directly and indirectly affect our ability to successfully commercialize our approved products, and such coverage and reimbursement policies will be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Third-party payers, such as government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations that provide healthcare coverage, generally decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for covered drugs. In particular, in the United States, private third-party payers often provide reimbursement for products and services based on the level at which the government (through the Medicare or Medicaid programs) provides reimbursement for such products and services. In the United States, the European Union and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and other third-party payers are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which has resulted in lower average selling prices. Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and usage, which may adversely affect our future product sales and results of operations. Recently, in the United States there has been heightened governmental scrutiny of the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products. Pricing pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care organizations, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid, healthcare reform, pharmaceutical reimbursement policies and pricing in general. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) imposes rebates on many Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace inflation on an annual basis. In addition, HHS has been empowered to negotiate the price of certain single-source drugs that have been on the market for at least seven years covered under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Each year up to 20 products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to experience a significant reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our current and any future product candidates that we develop, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and our overall financial condition.

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions have enacted or are considering a number of additional legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. Among policy makers and payers in the U.S. and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives, including the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, “PPACA”), which was enacted in March 2010. In the years since the PPACA was enacted, there have been a number of executive, judicial and congressional challenges to certain aspects of PPACA. While Congress has not

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passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain provisions of the PPACA have been signed into law. For example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was signed into law, which narrowed access to PPACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the PPACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding, and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired PPACA subsidies. In the future, there are likely to be additional proposals relating to the reform of the U.S. health care system, some of which could further limit the prices we are able to charge for our products, or the amounts of reimbursement available for our products. If drug products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. All of these activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

Moreover, in the United States, there have been several presidential executive orders, congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. For example, in March 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was signed into law, which eliminated the statutory Medicaid drug rebate cap, previously set at 100% of a drug’s average manufacturer price (“AMP”), for single source and innovator multiple source drugs, effective January 1, 2024.

The current administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government agencies including at HHS, the FDA, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. For example, the current administration has announced agreements with several pharmaceutical companies that require the drug manufacturers to offer, through a direct to consumer platform, U.S. patients and Medicaid programs prescription drug Most-Favored Nation pricing equal to or lower than those paid in other developed nations, with additional mandates for direct-to-patient discounts and repatriation of foreign revenues. Other recent actions, for example, include (1) directing agencies to reduce agency workforce and cut programs; (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs through a variety of initiatives, including by improving upon the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program and establishing Most-Favored-Nation pricing for pharmaceutical products; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products; and (4) as part of the Make America Healthy Again (“MAHA”) Commission’s Strategy Report released in September 2025, working across government agencies to increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Additionally, the current administration recently called on Congress to enact “The Great Healthcare Plan,” to codify and expand Most-Favored Nation pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase healthcare price transparency, expand pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager (“PBM”) payment methodologies, among other things. These actions and policies may significantly reduce U.S. drug prices, potentially impacting manufacturers’ global pricing strategies and profitability, while increasing their operational costs and compliance risks. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court’s Loper Bright decision greatly reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which could increase successful legal challenges to federal regulations affecting our operations. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Any such approved importation plans, when implemented, may result in lower drug prices for products covered by those programs. Further, it is possible that other healthcare reform measures may be adopted in the future.

Health Care Fraud and Abuse and Transparency Laws

If a drug product is reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs, we must comply with, among others, the federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, as amended, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, as amended, and similar state laws. Similarly, if a drug product is reimbursed by Medicare or Medicaid, pricing and rebate programs must comply with, as applicable, the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, as amended, and the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003.

The federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid.

In addition, federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which can be enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and civil monetary penalty laws impose criminal and civil penalties against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs,

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claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and also created federal criminal laws that prohibit knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

The Physician Payments Sunshine Act within PPACA, and its implementing regulations, require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biological and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to (i) report information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians, certain other healthcare professionals, and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, the physicians and teaching hospitals and (ii) report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

Many states have similar healthcare statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, that apply regardless of the payer. Additional state laws require pharmaceutical companies to implement a comprehensive compliance program, comply with industry’s compliance guidelines and relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and register pharmaceutical sales representatives and limit expenditure for, or payments to, individual medical or health professionals. In addition, certain state and local laws require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to individual physicians in the states; register pharmaceutical sales representatives, and report pricing with respect to certain drug products.

Privacy

We are subject to data privacy and security laws, regulations, and rules, contractual obligations, industry standards, policies and other obligations related to data privacy and security. For example, HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), and their respective implementing regulations, imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s privacy and security standards directly applicable to “business associates” – independent contractors or agents of covered entities, which include certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity, and their covered subcontractors. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce HIPAA and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

State laws also govern the privacy and security of personal data, including health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) imposes obligations on covered businesses. These obligations include, but are not limited to, providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording California residents certain rights related to their personal data. The CCPA allows for statutory fines for noncompliance (up to $7,500 per violation). Although the CCPA exempts some data processed in the context of clinical trials, the CCPA may increase compliance costs and potential liability with respect to other personal data we maintain about California residents. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”), which became effective January 1, 2023, expands the CCPA. The CPRA established a new California Privacy Protection Agency to implement and enforce the CPRA, which could increase the risk of enforcement. Similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels, and we expect more states to pass similar laws in the future. At this time, at least 19 states have enacted some sort of data privacy law, with bills introduced in many other states.

Foreign data privacy and security laws impose significant and complex compliance obligations on entities that are subject to those laws. As one example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (“EU GDPR”) contains provisions specifically directed at the processing of health information, higher sanctions and extra-territoriality measures that are intended to bring non-EU companies under the data security and privacy legal framework specified in the regulation. With the expansion of our business operations to include operations in the EU, such as the current Phase 2 clinical trial of MNKD-201, we will be subject to increased governmental regulation in the EU countries in which we might operate, including the EU GDPR.

Other regulation

In addition to the foregoing, we are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws relating to such matters as laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, controlled drug substances, safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, product distribution practices, environmental protection and fire hazard control.

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We may incur significant costs to comply with these laws and regulations now or in the future. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, exclusion from government healthcare programs, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

Ethical Business Practices and Sustainability

Ethical Marketing

We require that our employees abide by our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our policy on interactions with healthcare professionals and patients, U.S. federal and state laws and applicable foreign laws. We are committed to protecting the health and well-being of patients by ensuring that medically sound knowledge of the benefits and risks of our products is understood and communicated thoroughly and accurately to patients, physicians and global health authorities.

Our policy on interactions with healthcare professionals and patients requires that our employees promote our products fairly, truthfully, accurately and on-label. Off-label promotion of our products is explicitly prohibited, as are sales activities that would interfere with a healthcare provider’s independent medical judgment or the doctor-patient relationship. All sales staff receive compliance training upon hire and on an annual basis. We also routinely monitor sales calls. We expect that consistent enforcement of, and training on, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and our policy on interactions with healthcare professionals and patients will help us to avoid the incidence of unethical marketing practices.

As part of our commitment to patient support and education, our employees and consultants may attend and participate in certain patient events, such as health fairs or local disease awareness and advocacy events. In all cases, interactions with patients and patient groups may only be conducted in settings that are suitable for patient education and separate from the usual place(s) of clinical business of healthcare providers or institutions. In addition, our sponsorship of such events, if any, must be clearly disclosed through prominent signage.

Drug Safety

The safety of our products at all stages – from clinical trials to the administration and use and through to safe disposal – is a key area of attention for us. We manufacture our approved and investigational products in accordance with the applicable cGMPs, QMSR and other requirements enforced by the FDA and other regulatory bodies that have oversight over our products.

In addition, all sales packs of our drugs that are placed in the distribution chain are serialized in accordance with the requirements of the Drug Quality Supply Chain Security Act, which requires drug manufacturers to assign a unique identifier to each sales pack (and each aggregate of such sales pack, such as a case or pallet). These identifiers remain on such pack or aggregate through the whole supply chain until its consumption or destruction. This system is intended to improve detection and removal of drugs that may be counterfeit, stolen, contaminated, or otherwise harmful from the drug supply chain.

All of our employees are required to adhere to a standard operating procedure for capturing and reporting adverse events, safety information, and product complaints/adverse incidents involving any drug products marketed by us. These reports, as well as those that are collected by our third-party call center, are evaluated, processed and reported to regulatory authorities in accordance with FDA regulations and guidance on the post-marketing reporting of adverse experiences involving drugs, medical devices and combination products.

Safety of Clinical Trial Participants

When we are actively conducting clinical trials, the safety of our clinical trials plays a crucial role in the development of new products and our continuing prosperity. We take numerous steps to maximize the safety of our clinical trial participants.

The health of subjects in clinical trials is a priority for us and we are committed to conducting clinical trials according to uniformly high ethical standards. We apply those standards to trials that we sponsor and conduct directly as well as those conducted on our behalf by clinical research organizations. We conduct trials in accordance with all applicable laws, the standards of International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Guidelines and following the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.

We require that informed consent be obtained in all trials to ensure that participants understand the risks and benefits of the procedures, how personal medical data is collected and used, and that participation in the trial is voluntary, among other information. We retain documentation that all participants in our trials have provided informed consent.

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We monitor clinical trials through audits and inspections conducted by us and by clinical research organizations (CROs) that we engage. We also inspect our CROs prior to, and during, an engagement. These inspections verify that our policies, good clinical practices and applicable laws are being adhered to.

Our ability to ensure the safety of clinical trial participants is critical to securing regulatory approval and continued product development success. Moreover, our inability to conduct safe and effective clinical trials could increase our development costs over time. We will continue to hold ourselves to high standards in our oversight and management of clinical trials.

Our policy is to disclose the basic results of all clinical trials that we conduct to test the effectiveness of investigational drugs intended to treat serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions (i.e., phase 2-4 clinical studies). Additionally, we may voluntarily disclose the results of initial safety studies (i.e., phase 1 clinical studies). In our disclosure of clinical trial results, our policy is to include all serious adverse events and those non-serious adverse events that have a frequency of at least five percent.

Corruption and Bribery

Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics reflects the business practices and principles of behavior that we expect of every employee, officer and director. All new employees are trained on the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and existing employees are required to acknowledge annually that they have refreshed their familiarity with the policies contained within it. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics includes clear guidelines on anti-bribery and anti-corruption practices. In addition, we have adopted a separate anti-corruption policy. Currently, we have very limited operations outside the United States; however, as we expand our global reach through collaborations or through our own growth, we acknowledge that certain regions may pose a higher risk for corrupt practices. We intend to continue our internal training programs and oversight over collaborators on anti-bribery, anti-corruption and other unethical practices in order to reduce these risks.

Bribing healthcare professionals to use or recommend our products can create adverse publicity and damage our ability to use a critical channel of influence. We believe that training on, and enforcement of, these codes will limit the incidence of unethical interactions between our personnel and healthcare professionals.

Long-Lived Assets

Our long-lived assets comprised of our property, equipment, right-of-use assets, developed technology, in-process R&D ("IPR&D") and goodwill and are located in the United States and China and totaled $486.5 million and $105.7 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Employees and Human Capital

Our human capital helps us develop and commercialize new products, conduct clinical trials and navigate government regulations. Our ability to recruit, develop and retain highly skilled talent is a significant determinant of our success. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics codifies our commitment to diversity and to providing equal opportunity and a positive working environment in all aspects of employment. We also have policies setting forth our expectations for nondiscrimination and a harassment-free work environment. Specifically, our policy is that no aspect of employment, including hiring and promotional opportunities, will be subject to unlawful discrimination or harassment (including sexual harassment) based on race, creed, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, gender (including pregnancy, breastfeeding or medical conditions related to pregnancy or breastfeeding), age, physical or intellectual disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, gender stereotyping, marital status, military or veteran status, citizenship, genetic characteristic or information, or any other characteristic protected by applicable federal, state or local law.

As of December 31, 2025, we had 592 total at-will employees, of which 591 were full-time. Of our total employees, 254 were engaged in manufacturing, 46 in research and development, and 292 in selling, general and administrative. 22 of these employees had a Ph.D. degree and/or M.D. degree and were engaged in activities relating to research and development, manufacturing, quality assurance or business development. As of December 31, 2025, our workforce was distributed among gender and ethnic minorities as follows:

Grade Levels

Number

Female (%)

Ethnic minority (%)

Vice President and above

31

26%

16%

Executive Director, Director and Senior Manager

225

47%

26%

Managers and below

336

44%

43%

All employees

592

44%

35%

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None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe relations with our employees are good. In managing our business, we monitor several human capital measures, including:

•
performance against a set of specified corporate objectives for each calendar year, some of which are milestone-based, such as achieving development milestones relating to our investigational products, and some of which are quantitative, such as achieving target net sales of commercial products. These objectives are intended to stretch employees and serve as development opportunities but also form the basis for our incentive compensation programs.

•
churn rate – the number of new hires and terminations each month as a percentage of the employee base – as well as the number of regrettable losses. These metrics help us to identify areas within the company where there may be a need for greater management attention and intervention.

•
responses to periodic employee surveys, which are designed to give us insight into employees’ perception of company culture and areas where management’s efforts are perceived positively or negatively as well as open-ended feedback in the form of anonymous comments and questions.

We offer our employees a portfolio of rewards (our “Total Rewards Program”) to recruit and retain a high level of talent across the Company. Our Total Rewards program is offered to each employee and currently consists of the seven components:

•
Base salary – We offer a market-competitive base salary.

•
Annual bonus program – We offer quarterly sales incentive bonuses to our sales force and annual bonuses to the remainder of our employees.

•
Annual equity program – A portion of our employees are eligible for a new hire and annual equity awards that consist of time- and, in some cases, performance-based restricted stock units and non-qualified stock options.

•
Health and wellness program – A variety of insurance plans that allow employees to select among different options, including a health maintenance organization, a preferred provider organization and a high-deductible health plan, as well as flexible spending and health savings accounts.

•
Paid time off program – In addition to the paid time off that is accrued throughout the year, we offer paid holidays, including recurring week-long company shutdowns.

•
Retirement savings program – A 401(k) retirement plan pursuant to which we match 50% of employee contributions up to a specified limit on their annual eligible earnings.

•
Employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) program – The ESPP provides the opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock through payroll deductions every six months at a 15% discount to the market price at the beginning or end of each offering period, whichever is lower.

•
Employee Recognition Program – We provide a company-wide Spot and Peer to Peer Recognition Program to more directly reward performance and behaviors and drive cultural improvement.

The majority of our employees are essential workers involved in the production of medicine for chronic diseases. As such, they cannot work remotely and must perform their job duties in our Connecticut facility according to a 24/7 shift schedule. Other employees have work responsibilities that can be performed somewhat asynchronously and in different locations. For such employees, our general preference is that in-office employees be in the office during core business hours at least four days per week in order to maximize the productivity gains that come from having a collaborative culture and a common workplace; however, we also recognize that such employees can be equally productive working from home some of the time or with a flexible workday that they can structure around significant events outside of the workplace, such as commute times or childcare responsibilities.

Occupational Health and Safety

Hazardous materials are inherent in our operations, and it is not possible to eliminate completely the risk of accidental exposure from our operations. We have established procedures to comply with governmental regulations regarding workplace safety, including training employees to enable them to recognize risks and empower them to learn, discover, work safely, and to minimize injuries, illnesses, environmental impact and regulatory risks. In 2025, our total illness and injury incidence rate was 0.3 per 100 employees compared to the 2024 industry average of 1.7, as reported by the U.S. Department of Labor, and our DART (days away/restricted or job transfer) incident rate was 0.2 per 100 employees compared to the 2024 industry average of 1.2. We will continue our efforts to ensure a high level of workplace safety.

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Corporate Information

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on February 14, 1991. Our principal executive offices are located at 1 Casper Street, Danbury, Connecticut 06810, and our general telephone number is (818) 661-5000. Our website address is http://www.mannkindcorp.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The contents of our websites are not incorporated into this Annual Report. Further, our references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual reference only.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table sets forth our current executive officers and their ages:

Name

Age

Position(s)

Michael E. Castagna, Pharm.D.

49

Chief Executive Officer

Christopher B. Prentiss

50

Chief Financial Officer

Ajay Ahuja, M.D., MBA

56

Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer

Dominic Marasco

53

President, Endocrine Business Unit

Sanjay Singh, M Pharm, MBA

59

Executive Vice President, Technical Operations

Stuart A. Tross, Ph.D.

59

Executive Vice President, Human Resources

David B. Thomson, Ph.D., J.D.

59

General Counsel and Secretary

Michael E. Castagna, Pharm.D. has been our Chief Executive Officer since May 2017 and was our Chief Commercial Officer from March 2016 until May 2017. From November 2012 until he joined us, Dr. Castagna was at Amgen, Inc., where he initially served as Vice President, Global Lifecycle Management, and subsequently, Vice President, Global Commercial Lead for Amgen’s Biosimilar Business Unit. From 2010 to 2012, he was Executive Director, Immunology, at Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”), an innovative global biopharmaceutical company. Before BMS, Dr. Castagna served as Vice President & Head, Biopharmaceuticals, North America, at Sandoz, a division of Novartis. He has also held positions with commercial responsibilities at EMD (Merck) Serono, Pharmasset and DuPont Pharmaceuticals. He received his pharmacy degree from the University of the Sciences-Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, a PharmD. from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Sciences and an MBA from The Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania.

Christopher B. Prentiss has been our Chief Financial Officer since April 2024. From September 2022 until March 2024, Mr. Prentiss served as Chief Financial Officer of ADARx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately held clinical-stage biotechnology company. Between April 2015 and November 2021, he held a series of finance positions of increasing responsibility at the commercial-stage biotech company Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Adamas”), culminating in Chief Financial Officer commencing in November 2019. His responsibilities at Adamas included finance, accounting, investor relations, information technology and facilities. From June 2013 until March 2015, he was Vice President, Finance and Corporate Controller of InterMune Inc., a commercial-stage biotech with responsibilities over all aspects of corporate accounting, reporting, and treasury. Prior to that, Mr. Prentiss was Senior Director, Controller at Dynavax Technologies Corporation, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, from May 2012 to June 2013, where he was responsible for the accounting and tax functions. Between 2005 – 2012, he worked here at MannKind, where he held senior finance positions of increasing responsibility. Prior to that, Mr. Prentiss was a Senior Manager at KPMG LLP in the assurance practice. Mr. Prentiss received a B.Sc. degree in Accounting from Loyola Marymount University, and an MBA from Indiana University. Mr. Prentiss is a licensed CPA (inactive) in California.

Dr Ajay Ahuja, MD, MBA has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer since September 2025. Dr. Ahuja brings to MannKind more than two decades of leadership experience across the biopharmaceutical industry, spanning development-stage companies and global pharmaceutical firms since 2003. From January 2025 to September 2025, Dr. Ahuja served as the Development and Launch Leader for a late-stage DNA-based therapeutic at Kardigan Bio, a cardiology-focused biopharmaceutical company. Between February 2021 and January 2025, Dr. Ahuja held a senior leadership role at Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, where he built out the US Medical department and launched multiple novel compounds. Earlier in his career, he served as Global Head of Medical Affairs at Allergan, overseeing all therapeutic areas and a team of over 100 professionals across the U.S. and international markets. Dr. Ahuja also served as Global Medical Head for Takeda Pharmaceuticals’ cardiometabolic franchise, with a focus on diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and has also held impactful roles at GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and Tepha, Inc. Dr. Ahuja earned his Doctor of Medicine from Washington University School of Medicine and completed his residency and fellowship training at Northwestern University and Harvard Medical School, respectively. As a board-certified physician, Dr. Ahuja practiced medicine on staff at Boston Children’s Hospital for over a decade. He also earned an MBA from Harvard Business School before embarking on his industry career.

Dominic Marasco, R.Ph., has been our President, Endocrine Business Unit since January 2025. Prior to joining us, Mr. Marasco held the position of Executive President, Chief Commercial Officer for Envision Pharma Group from February 2023 until August 2024, leading its technology and artificial intelligence business units and all commercial operations. Before joining Envision Pharma, Mr. Marasco was Chief Commercial Officer at BioAgilytix Labs, Inc. from December 2019 until December 2022. Prior to BioAgilytix, he was EVP, Global Business

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Development, Commercial Group at Syneos Health from February 2018 until December 2019, after serving in progressive leadership roles at Amgen, Inc. including Head of U.S. Sales for the Neuroscience Business Unit and before that Global Commercial Head, Amgen Biosimilars. Mr. Marasco also held successful commercial leadership roles at Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, a Novartis Company, and Quintiles Transnational Holdings Inc (now IQVIA). He began his career as a pharmacist before joining Eli Lilly and Company in a sales capacity. Mr. Marasco has a Bachelor of Science degree from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and completed Harvard Business School’s Advanced Management Program.

Sanjay Singh has been our Executive Vice President, Technical Operations since October 2022. Before joining us, since 2011 Mr. Singh served as Sr. Vice President and Associate President Technical Operations in India and USA at Aurobindo Pharma, a leading generic pharmaceutical manufacturing company, headquartered in Hyderabad, India. Prior to Aurobindo, Mr. Singh worked in various leadership roles at Cipla Ltd (2000 – 2007, 2008 – 2011), Glenmark Pharma (2007-2008), Nicholas Piramal India Ltd (1992-2000) and Cadila Laboratories (1990-1991). Mr. Singh has been associated with the Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) and was the founding president of the PDA, India chapter before moving to the US in 2015. Mr. Singh received an M. Pharma. degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry from LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India and an MBA degree from Institute of Management Studies, Indore, India.

Stuart A. Tross, Ph.D. has been our Executive Vice President, Human Resources since December 2016, with responsibilities for human resources, information technology, corporate communications and west coast facilities. From 2006 to 2016 he served in various roles of increasing responsibility at Amgen, Inc., most recently as Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer responsible for human resources and security on a global basis. From 1998 to 2006 he served in a series of leadership roles at BMS, most recently as Vice President and Global Head of Human Resources for Mead Johnson Company. Mr. Tross received a B.S. degree from Cornell University and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Industrial-Organizational Psychology from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

David B. Thomson, Ph.D., J.D. has been our General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since January 2002. Prior to joining us, he practiced corporate/commercial and securities law at a major Toronto law firm. Earlier in his career, Dr. Thomson was a post-doctoral fellow at the Rockefeller University. Dr. Thomson obtained his B.S., M Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Queens University and obtained his J.D. degree from the University of Toronto.

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