NASDAQ: AFRM

For merchants, Affirm’s commerce solutions help drive growth by enhancing demand generation and consumer acquisition. Our platform is explicitly designed and engineered to integrate with a wide range of merchants. This is a point of differentiation for us, as we partner with merchants to serve their payment needs across industries, transactions, average order values (“AOV”), and consumer profiles. As of June 30, 2026, we had approximately 571 thousand active merchants, ranging from small businesses to large enterprises, direct-to-consumer brands, brick-and-mortar stores, and companies with an omni-channel presence. As used herein, “merchants” may reference merchants and/or e-commerce platforms. Our merchants span a diverse range of industries, including electronics, equipment and auto, fashion and beauty, general merchandise, home and lifestyle, services, sporting goods and outdoors, and travel and ticketing.

We have three main loan product offerings: Pay-in-X, 0% annual percentage rate (“APR”) monthly installment loans and interest-bearing monthly installment loans. Pay-in-X primarily consists of short-term payment plans with one to four 0% APR installments.

Our business model is designed to align with the interests of both consumers and merchants.

From merchants, we typically earn a fee when we help them convert a sale and facilitate a transaction. Merchant fees depend on the individual arrangement between us and each merchant and may vary based on the loan terms and product offering; we generally earn larger merchant fees on 0% APR financing products. For fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, Pay-in-X and 0% APR installment loans represented 16% and 14%, respectively, of total gross

merchandise volume (“GMV”) facilitated through our platform. For fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, Pay-in-X and 0% APR installment loans represented 14% and 13%, respectively, of total GMV facilitated through our platform. This revenue model incentivizes us to help our merchants convert sales and increase AOV through the commerce and technology solutions offered by our platform.

From consumers, we earn interest income on the interest-bearing installment loans that we originate or purchase from our originating bank partners. Interest rates charged to our consumers vary depending on several factors including transaction risk, creditworthiness of the consumer, the repayment term selected by the consumer, the amount of the loan, and the individual arrangement with a merchant. The interest-bearing transactions we facilitate carry only simple interest. Because we do not charge deferred interest, compounding interest, or late fees, we believe our business model aligns our economic incentives with prudent underwriting and successful consumer loan repayment. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, interest-bearing monthly installment loans represented 70% and 72%, respectively, of total GMV.

We also facilitate the issuance of the Affirm Card, a debit card that can be used physically or virtually and which allows consumers to link a bank account to pay in full, or apply to pay over time for their purchase through the Affirm App. Similarly, we also facilitate the issuance of virtual cards directly to consumers through our App, allowing them to shop with merchants that are not integrated with Affirm. Merchants may also elect to utilize our agreements with card-issuing partners as a means of integrating Affirm services. Merchants are charged an interchange fee for each successful card transaction, and a portion of this revenue is shared with us by our card-issuing partners.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, we have facilitated consumer purchases of $50.2 billion in GMV.

Our Platform

Our business transforms the way consumers and merchants transact by creating a powerful platform built upon honest financial products. We started our business with our foundational pay-over-time solution at checkout, and have since continued to innovate and expand our product suite by building solutions that address the evolving needs of both consumers and merchants. The current suite of solutions we provide to our consumers and merchants is outlined below:

Consumer features

•Affirm at Checkout. When purchasing from one of our merchant partners, consumers can choose Affirm as a payment method, giving them the option to pay over time with personalized terms ranging from weeks to years. We monitor merchants’ creditworthiness, consumer complaints and dispute rates, changes in consumer repayment behavior, and other data to help identify and screen out fraudulent or otherwise problematic merchants.

•Consumer-first borrowing. Our products make it easy for consumers to apply for a loan and complete a quick, real-time eligibility check. If approved, consumers may be offered either Pay-in-X or 0% APR monthly installment loans, where they pay no interest, or interest-bearing monthly installment loans, where they pay fixed, non-compounding interest. We underwrite each transaction individually and do not charge late fees. Our proprietary risk model has consistently outperformed traditional credit models, enabling us to better help eligible consumers finance their purchases. Under this model, the amount a consumer agrees to at checkout is the most they will ever pay, with no late fees or other additional charges.

•Affirm Card and the Affirm Marketplace. Affirm Card allows consumers to apply to pay over time through the Affirm App, or to pay in full by linking a bank account or an Affirm Money Account. Prior to checkout, consumers can apply for a pre-purchase installment loan via the app and, upon approval, use the Affirm Card online or in-store to complete their purchase. Alternatively, users can use an in-app post-purchase feature to instantly apply for an installment loan within a limited period following any eligible

debit transaction. Consumers can transact either via a physical debit card or a virtual debit card. In addition, consumers can access Affirm pay-over-time functionality through select third-party payment and digital wallet channels. Our app and website also provide tailored and exclusive merchant offers based on consumers’ preferences through various shopping experiences powered by the Affirm Marketplace. Consumers can apply at affirm.com or via the app and, upon approval, receive an offer for use with the Affirm Card, a virtual card, or directly at the point of sale. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, 25% of our transactions were initiated through mobile app and website channels as well as Affirm Card.

•Affirm Money Account. Through the Affirm App and in partnership with Cross River Bank, we offer an FDIC-insured, high-yield savings account, with no minimum deposit requirements or fees.

Merchant features

•Affirm at Checkout. Merchants can integrate Affirm into their checkout experience through our direct Application Programming Interface (“API”) or one of our platform partners. We provide a simple and compliant integration experience that allows merchants to easily incorporate Affirm into their payment and product pages with minimal investment. Our integration experience is supported by extensive developer documentation and a dedicated team to assist with any issues. Once integrated, merchants can achieve incremental sales, expand their target markets, and increase customer conversion, while Affirm handles the regulatory aspects of the loans facilitated through our platform.

•Flexible offerings that address a wider range of transactions. Merchants can offer either one or a combination of 0% APR and interest-bearing pay-over-time offerings. Offering 0% APR financing to their customers is a compelling revenue accelerator for merchants, who can increase conversion and average order value without resorting to discounts. Merchants can determine the range of interest rates their customers are offered and may choose to subsidize those rates.

•Affirm prequalification. By giving consumers the ability to prequalify, Affirm’s offering can be integrated earlier in the consumer’s journey. This may result in fewer abandoned carts and higher conversion rates. Prequalification also personalizes the shopping experience, as consumers may receive customized offers based on their approved amount.

•Brand-sponsored and other promotional strategies. We have the ability to work with manufacturers on brand-specific promotional financing offers. These promotions are funded by suppliers and then made available through our merchants. The suppliers cover the costs of the lowered APR for their products, with no added costs to our merchants. This gives our merchants a powerful alternative to markdowns as they can increase sales with no impact to their margins. At the same time, suppliers can sell through additional volume. We also partner with merchants to reach consumers with other promotional strategies and offers.

•Merchant dashboard and analytics. Our merchant dashboard provides a robust user interface through which each merchant can view transaction data, manage charges, and manage their merchant account, while also offering insightful analytics and a client success team to help them understand product performance and optimize conversion and consumer acquisition costs.

•Affirm App and the Affirm Marketplace. Merchants can participate in the Affirm Marketplace to reach consumers through featured placements, personalized advertisements and tailored offers within the Affirm App and other consumer experiences.

Our Competitive Advantages

We believe we have a number of competitive advantages that will continue to contribute to our success.

Strong network effects

We benefit from self-reinforcing network effects, which are advantages that compound with each additional consumer and merchant that joins our network:

•As consumers learn about the key benefits of our solutions, more and more have chosen to use our platform, resulting in a growing consumer base.

•The larger our consumer ecosystem, the more valuable it is to merchants, and the more compelling it is for merchants to offer Affirm as a payment option.

•The more merchants integrated into our network, the more reasons consumers have to shop with Affirm.

•Our costs decrease as a percentage of GMV as our consumer ecosystem expands. For example, the additional data we have on repeat consumers enables us to make better underwriting decisions and therefore generally results in lower provision for credit losses and processing and servicing expenses from repeat consumers than from first time consumers. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, 96% and 94%, respectively, of the transactions facilitated through our platform were driven by repeat consumers.

•Improved expense efficiency enables us to create even more compelling offers for consumers and merchants, in turn attracting more consumers and merchants to our network.

The net result is that we are building a consumer and merchant ecosystem on our platform that we expect to continue to grow and monetize over time.

Engineering and technology infrastructure

Technology is at the core of everything we do. Our solutions use machine learning, artificial intelligence, cloud-based technologies, and other modern tools to create differentiated and scalable products. We prioritize building our own technology and investing in engineering talent, as we believe these are enduring competitive advantages that are difficult to replicate.

Our integration experience also allows merchant partners to easily integrate Affirm through our direct API or one of our platform partners. From the smallest direct-to-consumer online brand to the largest merchants running on mainframe computers, the technical aspects of integrating with Affirm are quick and painless. Full integration can be completed very quickly, often within days after signing our merchant agreement.

Data advantages that compound over time

Our expertise in sourcing, aggregating, protecting, and analyzing data has been what we believe to be a core competitive advantage of our platform since our founding. We use data to inform our analysis and decision-making, including risk assessment, in a way that empowers consumers and generates value for our merchants and funding sources.

Our technology is built to handle the immense scale of our data-driven operations — we are capable of processing thousands of checkouts per minute in multiple countries, often relaying underwriting decisions within seconds. Our machine learning-based risk models are calibrated and validated on an extensive amount of data from over 553 million loans to date, and are custom built to effectively detect fraud, price risk, and provide customized recommendations. We consider data beyond traditional credit scores, such as transaction history and credit usage, and our own repayment history, to predict repayment ability, and leverage this with real-time response data.

Better outcomes generated by our proprietary risk models

Unlike legacy payment and credit systems, we can assess and price risk at a transaction level, rather than relying solely on a static consumer credit score. We believe our proprietary risk model has translated this advantage into the ability to facilitate a greater volume of transactions from a wider and more diverse segment of consumers. The accuracy of our risk model also generally benefits our provision for credit losses on loans we retain.

Our continuously-learning risk model benefits from increasing scale. As data from new transactions are incorporated into our risk algorithms, we are able to more effectively assess a given credit profile. This process is further enhanced by a constant feedback loop that allows us to monitor performance against our predictions and quickly adjust risk, as needed.

Our ability to quickly assess, price, and manage risk enables us to generate high quality assets that attract funding sources and generate predictable servicing and interest income as consumers repay over time. Our risk model is designed to comply with our originating bank partners’ credit policies and underwriting procedures and our direct lending entity’s underwriting policies, and is designed to support lower fraud rates and higher approval rates compared to traditional credit underwriting models.

For more information on how our risk model automates the underwriting process for our originating bank partners, see “— Regulatory Environment — State and provincial licensing requirements and regulation.”

Deep capital markets expertise

We believe our capital management strategy is a key competitive differentiator, enabling us to effectively scale our network, support GMV growth across our ecosystem, and efficiently recycle equity capital. Our diverse and durable funding model consists of four primary channels — warehouse credit facilities, programmatic issuance of term and revolving securitization transactions (including revolving securitizations via Affirm’s master trust), pass-through loan sales, and forward flow loan sale arrangements. We endeavor to maximize our financial flexibility by partnering with a broad spectrum of counterparty profiles including depository institutions, investment banks, hedge funds, pension funds, asset managers, and insurance companies. By maintaining access to a diversified array of long-term funding sources and leveraging our proprietary underwriting process at the point-of-sale, we are able to monetize high-quality financial assets at scale.

Our Competition

Our primary competition consists of: legacy payment methods, such as credit and debit cards, including those provided by card issuing banks such as Synchrony, J.P. Morgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, Bread Financial, and American Express; mobile wallets and other pay-over-time solutions offered by companies such as PayPal, Block and Klarna; and new pay-over-time offerings by legacy financial and payments companies, including those mentioned above. Additionally, some merchants are increasingly offering proprietary pay-over-time options to customers, and in some cases, these are presented parallel to our offerings at checkout.

We believe that our competitive advantages position us favorably to succeed in the market. However, many of our competitors are substantially larger than we are, which may give those competitors advantages we do not have at present, such as a more diversified product offering, a larger consumer and merchant base, the ability to reach more consumers and potential consumers, operational efficiencies, the ability to cross-subsidize their offerings through their other business lines, more versatile technology platforms, broad-based local distribution capabilities, and lower-cost funding. Our potential competitors may also have longer operating histories, more extensive and broader consumer and merchant relationships, and greater brand recognition and brand loyalty than we have. In addition, other established companies that possess large, existing consumer and merchant bases, substantial financial resources, or established distribution channels could also enter the market.

Our Growth Strategy

Our multi-pronged growth strategy is designed to build upon our momentum and unlock opportunities to create even greater value for consumers and merchants.

Expand solutions for merchants and consumers

•Innovate on new consumer product solutions. To expand consumers' purchasing power and deliver personalized benefits and offers, we are delivering a new generation of financial products and experiences designed to meet their evolving needs, including AdaptAI (Affirm’s AI-powered personalized promotion platform).

•Increase merchant feature functionality. To help merchants improve their conversion rates, AOVs, and customer satisfaction, we are delivering new tools, experiences, and channels designed to strengthen their customer acquisition strategies.

Increase Consumer Transaction Frequency and In-store Usage

We have demonstrated how our solutions can successfully enable and accelerate commerce for larger and considered purchases. We aim to continue driving repeat use of our platform as we serve consumers beyond their initial purchase via our consumer-centric tools and offerings, and the increased diversity of merchants on our network. We believe continuing to expand the use of Affirm across a broader range of online and in-store purchases is key to driving repeat usage and will position us to further increase engagement with both consumers and merchants. Affirm Card is an important component of this strategy because consumers using Affirm Card to date often have a higher transaction frequency per user, greater in-store usage, and use Affirm across new and existing merchant categories within our network. If successful, we believe that this strategy will lead to increased transaction volume on our platform, as well as the expansion of our consumer and merchant network. As of June 30, 2026, we had approximately 7.0 transactions per active consumer, an increase of approximately 20% compared to June 30, 2025 and an increase of 44% over the two-year period since June 30, 2024.

Expand consumer reach

We will continue marketing to increase brand awareness, strengthen our web and direct-to-consumer presence, and highlight the value of our platform. We believe this will attract new consumers to try Affirm as a payment option. We also intend to continue expanding our products to serve a broader range of consumer needs. As we add more consumers to our network, we expect our models to become more efficient and robust, enhancing our ability to assess risk and supporting the acquisition and approval of a broader spectrum of consumers.

Expand merchant reach

•Deepen penetration with existing merchants. Affirm represents a small percentage of our merchants’ total transaction volume today, which we believe we can grow as consumer demand for Affirm rises, as our sales and customer success teams deepen merchant relationships, and as we expand Affirm across more of their channels and platforms.

•Increase the number of our merchant partnerships. We believe we have the opportunity to continue to increase the number of integrated merchants on our network through both our dedicated sales team and platform partner and merchant acquirer partnerships. Additionally, our simple integration experience enables merchants to incorporate Affirm with minimal investment. As we continue to generate results for merchants, we believe more will join our platform in order to offer Affirm as an option to their customers.

Expand to new markets

Our platform is broadly available to merchants and eligible consumers in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). Additionally, we began a limited launch of our platform in Australia in the first quarter of fiscal year 2027. We expect to continue expanding internationally in continental Europe and Australia. We believe merchants and consumers anywhere can benefit from a more transparent, fair, and honest way to engage in commerce, and we see an opportunity to generate value in many new markets around the world through our platform.

Our Technology

Our products are built on a cloud-first platform engineered for data aggregation, schematization, management, and decisioning, which enables our products to leverage years of deep behavioral, financial, shopping, and payment data across our platform, from fraud and pricing, to personalization and repayment. Our vertically integrated technology powers a rich data landscape across products, which drives increased efficiency that helps to unlock greater scale. Increasing scale powers a flywheel that further drives incremental data capture and improves the efficiency of each transaction, and that efficiency allows us to more finely price transactions, measure risk, deliver value to our consumers, and personalize consumer experiences.

We invest in technology to create this flywheel effect as we believe it builds an increasing and durable competitive advantage as we operate with higher confidence in our model decisions, lower costs of each transaction, and improve our ability to price transactions with a lower margin of error. The increasing scale is leveraged by our technology as increasing value is delivered to participants in our network of merchants, consumers, and capital partners.

•Fraud detection capabilities. To assess transaction fraud risk, we first seek to establish the consumer’s identity using basic information. The consumer is then evaluated by our fraud model, and we will then either move forward in the approval flow, or request additional data from the consumer. Our sophisticated fraud models utilize approximately 350 other data points in order to make a near-instantaneous decision on whether to block a transaction. We also use a combination of machine learning models and rules to inform real-time transaction decisions and identify transactions for potential review by fraud investigators.

•Credit check capabilities. Our risk model takes key user identifiers and transaction details and turns them into a total of over 1,000 data points in order to assess the credit risk of new consumers. Our algorithms model out the repayment probability on a month-to-month basis, and combine these probabilities with the term length, purchase size, merchant, and item being purchased, in order to price and score risk. In the vast majority of cases, we can complete these checks and calculations in a matter of seconds, automating the underwriting process pursuant to our originating bank partners’ underwriting policies and our direct lending entity’s underwriting policies. We use application and transaction data to train our model, including data from approximately 553 million loans to date.

•Modeling improvements. Our high cadence for modeling, retraining, and recalibration translates into rapid improvements to our models over time. New data is regularly used to retrain each model, meaning they continue to improve as the numbers of consumers, merchants, transactions, and repayments we power on our platform grow. We also perform periodic larger scale updates to our core model and algorithms. We regularly introduce new data signals to be captured by our risk analysis system and make them available to be incorporated into new model development, training, and validation. Additionally, we explore opportunities to capture data outside of our model approvals, in order to make a breadth of data available to future models. During these updates, new signals are captured, and older data interrogated and re-tested to help our models continue to evolve. We have automated the process of constructing, training, calibrating, validating, and updating our models, which allow our scientists and engineers to focus on research,

flexibility, and speed. Our models are designed to enable us to adjust our models quickly and efficiently in response to changes in the environment.

•Designed for continued innovation and flexibility. Our deep technological talent and capabilities have enabled us to strategically build core systems and data infrastructure in-house, allowing us to gain what we believe is a significant competitive advantage as we continue to innovate and iterate, and develop new capabilities across multiple disciplines. The flexibility of our custom-built technological infrastructure means we can incorporate new merchants, platforms, data sources, models, capital partnerships, and other elements as our platform continues to evolve.

•Data privacy and security. We store and process data while maintaining robust physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards designed to protect that data. We maintain physical security measures designed to guard against unauthorized access to systems and use safeguards such as firewalls and data encryption. We also have deployed physical access controls to our buildings, and our policies authorize access to personal information only for those employees or agents who require it to fulfill the responsibilities of their jobs.

Sales and Marketing

Our marketing strategy includes brand marketing, communications, and co-marketing campaigns that we collaborate on with merchants and partners. We have historically relied on the strength of our merchant relationships and positive user experience to develop our brand and grow our network. We have achieved significant merchant and consumer adoption while maintaining a disciplined approach that considers the effectiveness of our sales and marketing spending. We also utilize dedicated sales teams to grow our merchant base and leverage strategic partnerships with other platforms to expand our merchant and consumer base.

Seasonality

We experience seasonal fluctuations in our business as a result of consumer spending patterns. Historically, our GMV has tended to be higher during our second and fourth fiscal quarters, due to increases in retail commerce during the holiday season and other promotional activity. Our loan delinquencies tend to be at their lowest during our fiscal third and fourth quarters, as consumer savings benefit from tax refunds. Adverse events that occur during these quarters could have a disproportionate effect on our financial results for the fiscal year.

Human Capital Resources

Our employees

As of June 30, 2026, we had a total of 2,358 employees, primarily located in the United States. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Distinctive culture that sets us apart

We believe our culture gives us a long-term, sustainable competitive advantage. Affirm is purpose-built from the ground up, and our employees, who have named themselves “Affirmers,” are deeply committed to delivering honest financial products that improve lives. Five core values permeate every part of Affirm — which includes our people, products, and business:

•People come first. Our success is aligned with our consumers’ success. This means that we do not and will not take advantage of our consumers nor do we capitalize on consumer misfortunes through practices such as late fees and deferred or compounding interest.

•No fine print. We are transparent and honest — with our consumers and with each other. That is why there are no hidden fees or tricks associated with the loans facilitated through our platform.

•It’s on us. Affirmers own problems and solutions, and we hold each other accountable.

•Simpler is better. Financial products and payments have traditionally been fraught with complexity. Affirm’s products bring consumers the simplicity they need and merchants the results they want.

•Push the envelope. Talented people are attracted to Affirm because we empower them to innovate, create robust systems, and take smart risks. This momentum keeps our consumer and merchant network growing and thriving.

These values have helped us to attract, inspire, and harness the collective talent of exceptional technologists and business people.

In service of our high performance culture, we strive to attract and retain employees with a broad range of backgrounds, experiences, and skills, which we believe are important as we scale our business and strengthen Affirm's culture.

Our board of directors’ role in human capital resource management

Our board of directors believes that human capital management is an important component of our continued growth and success, and is helpful to our ability to attract, retain, and develop talented and skilled employees. We pride ourselves on a culture that respects co-workers and values concern for others. Management regularly reports to our board of directors on human capital management topics, including corporate culture, safety, employee development, and compensation and benefits. Our board of directors provides input on important decisions, including with respect to safety, talent retention and development.

Employee incentives and benefits

We provide equity incentives to our employees through the grant of performance stock units (“PSUs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under our equity incentive plan to align their interests with stockholders as “owners” of our company. We also offer an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allowing eligible employees to purchase shares of our Class A common stock at a discount to fair market value. We believe these incentive programs allow us to be competitive with comparable companies in our industry by giving us the resources to attract, motivate and retain talented individuals.

We offer comprehensive benefits, including medical, dental, vision, life insurance, paid time off, various voluntary insurance programs, and retirement savings benefits. Our employee assistance program, financial wellness benefits, legal protection benefits, and identity theft protection benefits offer employees information, referrals, and short-term counseling for personal issues affecting their work or personal life as an added layer of protection. In addition, we offer perks, such as employer-sponsored digital spending wallets, mental health benefits, family & fertility benefits and generous leave and time-off policies, which we believe enhance employee productivity, satisfaction and loyalty.

Regulatory Environment

We operate in a rapidly evolving regulatory environment and are subject to extensive regulation, both directly and indirectly, by way of our partnership with our originating bank partners, under U.S. federal law, the laws of Canada, the U.K. and Australia, and the laws of the states and provinces in which we operate, among others. These laws cover all aspects of our business and include privacy laws, consumer protection laws, and contractual obligations. We could become subject to additional legal or regulatory requirements if laws or regulations change in

the jurisdictions in which we operate. These could include the need to obtain new and different types of licenses in order to conduct our business, such as for lending, brokering, servicing, collections, or money transmission. For more information on the risks relating to our regulatory environment, see the section titled “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment.”

Our lending programs are relatively novel and must comply with regulatory regimes applicable to consumer credit transactions. In addition, the regulatory framework for online lending platforms is evolving and uncertain as federal and state governments consider the application of existing laws and adoption of new laws to regulate these structures. Certain banking laws and regulations may also apply to our originating bank partners.

State and provincial licensing requirements and regulation

Our operations must satisfy the laws and standards of each individual U.S. state and territory, Canadian province, U.K. country, and Australian state and territory in which we operate. This means that when individual states, territories or provinces differ in how they allow financing to be provided and used, we must operate consistently in accordance with the most comprehensive requirements.

Our policies and practices approach these requirements with the goal of managing the long-term viability and flexibility of our business model. As such, we have established a business model pursuant to which we may originate loans directly through our platform under our lending, servicing, and brokering licenses across various jurisdictions in the U.S., Canada, U.K., and Australia, and we may also purchase loans originated by our originating bank partners through our platform. Substantially all of the loans facilitated through our platform in the U.S. are originated through Celtic Bank, an FDIC-insured Utah state-chartered industrial bank, and Lead Bank, an FDIC-insured Missouri state-chartered bank.

Certain states, provinces, and localities have adopted laws regulating and requiring licensing, registration, notice filing, or other approval by parties that engage in certain activity regarding consumer finance transactions, including facilitating and assisting such transactions in certain circumstances, debt collection or servicing, and/or purchasing or selling consumer loans. We have also received inquiries from regulatory agencies regarding requirements to obtain licenses from or register with those jurisdictions, including in states where we have determined that we are not required to obtain such a license or be registered with the state, and we expect to continue to receive such inquiries. We are also subject to licensing requirements, supervision, and examination by applicable regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which we may service loans, solicit or offer loans, or originate loans directly through our platform, and we have obtained or are in the process of obtaining necessary licenses in the jurisdictions in which we do so. Licensing statutes vary from state to state and prescribe different requirements, including but not limited to: restrictions on loan origination and servicing practices (including limits on the type, amount, and manner of fees), solicitation activities, interest rate limits, disclosure requirements, periodic examination requirements, surety bond and minimum specified net worth requirements, periodic financial reporting requirements, notification requirements for changes in principal officers, stock ownership or corporate control, restrictions on advertising, and requirements that loan forms be submitted for review. The application of state and provincial licensing requirements to our business model is not always clear, and while we believe we are in material compliance as of June 30, 2026 with applicable licensing requirements, regulators may request or require that we obtain additional licenses or other authorizations in the future, which may subject our business to additional restrictions or requirements.

Several states have begun enacting legislation specifically focused on buy now, pay later (“BNPL”) lending. For example, New York enacted the Buy-Now-Pay-Later Act (N.Y. Banking Law Article 14-B, §§ 735-749), and Illinois recently enacted the Buy-Now-Pay-Later Loan Consumer Protection Act (SB 3561). We are monitoring developments in these states, as well as potential BNPL legislation in other jurisdictions, and evaluating the applicability of these laws to our products and platform.

State interest rate treatment

We and our originating bank partners may also be subject to state law interest rate limitations on personal consumer loans. Certain states have no such limitations, while other jurisdictions impose a maximum rate on such loans. In some jurisdictions, the maximum rate may be less than the rates applicable to the loans facilitated through our platform. If any of the loans facilitated through our platform were found to impose rates higher than the maximum rate for the applicable state, such loans could be in violation of state interest limitation laws, which could result in such loans being unenforceable or reduce or extinguish the principal and/or interest (paid or to be paid) on such loans, or result in fees, damages, and penalties to us or our originating bank partners. Out of an abundance of caution, however, we have sought to voluntarily cap the maximum interest rate we will propose for a loan to borrowers in certain states so that it is below the maximum interest rate that our originating bank partners would otherwise be permitted to charge under applicable law.

Through our partnerships with our originating bank partners, as well as through our state lending licenses to originate loans directly, where applicable, our risk model automates the underwriting process in accordance with our originating bank partners’ underwriting policies, which only our originating bank partners may change and which we must follow in reviewing, approving, and administering loans facilitated by our platform, and our direct lending entity’s underwriting policy. When originating loans through our platform, our originating bank partners may contract to charge interest based on authority granted to state-chartered, FDIC-insured banks under federal law (Section 27 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act) and based upon legal principles detailed in the FDIC’s final rule relating to Federal Interest Rate Authority, published in the Federal Register on July 22, 2020. Section 27 allows an FDIC-insured bank such as our originating bank partners to charge interest to consumers on a nationwide basis based on the rates allowed by the state where the bank is located. We rely on our originating bank partners’ authority under federal law to establish interest rates and charge interest on the loans our originating bank partners originate through our platform. Celtic Bank and Lead Bank generally allow a consumer loan borrower to agree to any annual rate of interest up to 36%, while Cross River Bank generally allows a consumer loan borrower to agree to any annual rate of interest up to 30%, in each case calculated in accordance with the FDIC Federal Interest Rate Authority rule discussed above and other applicable law.

However, if the legal structure underlying our relationship with our originating bank partners was successfully challenged, we may be found to be in violation of state licensing requirements and state laws regulating interest rates and other aspects of consumer lending. In the event of such a challenge or if our arrangements with our originating bank partners were to change or end for any reason, we would need to rely on an alternative bank relationship, find an alternative bank relationship, rely on existing state licenses, obtain new state licenses, pursue a federal charter, offer consumer loans, and/or be subject to the interest rate limitations and loan product requirement limitations of certain states.

Money transmission

Through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Affirm Payments, LLC (“Affirm Payments”), we hold licenses to operate as a money transmitter (or its equivalent) in certain states and jurisdictions of the U.S. Affirm Payments is also registered with the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") as a money services business. As a licensed money transmitter, we have obligations and restrictions with respect to the investments of consumer funds, recurrent reporting, and bonding. If found to have violated the laws or regulations covered under our licenses, we could be subject to liability and/or additional restrictions. These include, but are not limited to, being forced to cease doing business with residents of certain states or territories, forced to change our business practices, or required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals. Any of the aforementioned scenarios could impose substantial costs and or harm our business.

International regulatory oversight

We provide lending services outside the United States through local subsidiaries that hold the applicable lending licenses and authorizations in each jurisdiction, and we monitor the laws and regulations governing BNPL and consumer credit activities in these markets, all of which are subject to ongoing interpretation and change.

Canada. We operate through our Canadian subsidiary, Affirm Canada Holdings Ltd., which holds lending licenses and is subject to both federal and provincial regulatory frameworks. The Retail Payment Activities Act (S.C. 2021, c. 23, s. 177) came into full effect on September 8, 2025, requiring payment service providers and BNPL firms performing regulated payment functions to register with the Bank of Canada and to comply with operational risk management, funds-safeguarding, and reporting obligations. Our lending activities are also regulated at the provincial level under each province's consumer protection legislation, which imposes varying requirements regarding disclosure of cost of borrowing, advertising of credit terms, and consumer remedies. No Canadian province has enacted legislation specifically targeting BNPL products, but provincial consumer protection laws of general application, including requirements applicable to lenders and installment sale contracts, may apply to our activities.

United Kingdom. We operate through our U.K. subsidiary, Affirm U.K. Limited, which is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) to carry out regulated consumer credit activity. The FCA's strategic objective is to ensure that relevant markets function well, and its operational objectives are to secure an appropriate degree of consumer protection, protect and enhance the integrity of the U.K. financial system, and promote effective competition in the interests of consumers. On July 25, 2026, new FCA regulations for the BNPL market came into force, bringing the previously unregulated deferred-payment credit (“DPC”) sector under the remit of the FCA and its DPC rules.

Australia. We operate through our Australian subsidiary, Affirm Australia Pty. Ltd., which holds an Australian credit license permitting lending activities and is regulated by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”). The Australian Government amended the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 to extend the application of the National Credit Code to BNPL contracts, also known as low cost credit contracts (“LCCCs”). Effective June 10, 2025, lenders engaging in credit activities involving LCCCs must hold an Australian credit license with the appropriate authorizations, subject to transitional arrangements, and ASIC has published Regulatory Guide 281, Low cost credit contracts, to assist providers in complying with key obligations.

U.S. federal consumer protection requirements

We must comply with various federal consumer protection regimes, both as a service provider to our originating bank partners and as a loan originator with respect to loans we may originate directly, including but not limited to the following laws and regulations:

•the Truth-in-Lending Act and Regulation Z promulgated thereunder, which require certain disclosures to consumers regarding the terms and conditions of their loans and credit transactions;

•Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, and Section 1031 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which prohibits unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices (“UDAAP”) in connection with any consumer financial product or service;

•the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (the “ECOA”) and Regulation B promulgated thereunder, which prohibit creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, sex, age, religion, national origin, marital status, the fact that all or part of the applicant’s income derives from any public assistance program, or the fact that the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under the Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act or any applicable state law. In addition to acts of intentional discrimination, the ECOA has been interpreted by federal regulators and courts to prohibit creditors from maintaining policies and practices that, while facially neutral, result in a disproportionate, adverse impact on applicants or consumers in protected groups. For this reason, a loan decisioning or credit scoring model must not use any

variable that may be deemed a proxy for a protected characteristic such as race, ethnicity, or sex. Further, the variables used in the model must be supported by documented, legitimate business justifications where the model results in a disproportionate effect on applicants or consumers of certain demographic groups;

•the Fair Credit Reporting Act (the “FCRA”), as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, and Regulation V promulgated thereunder, which promote the accuracy, fairness, and privacy of information in the files of consumer reporting agencies;

•the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Regulation F promulgated thereunder, and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, each of which provide guidelines and limitations concerning the conduct of certain creditors and third-party debt collectors in connection with the collection of consumer debts;

•the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLBA”), which includes limitations on use and disclosure of nonpublic personal information about a consumer by a financial institution;

•the Bankruptcy Code, which limits the extent to which creditors may seek to enforce debts against parties who have filed for bankruptcy protection;

•the Holder Rule, and equivalent state laws, which make Affirm or any other holder of a consumer credit contract include the required notice and become subject to all claims and defenses that a borrower could assert against the seller of goods or services;

•the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which provide disclosure requirements, guidelines, and restrictions on the electronic transfer of funds from consumers’ bank accounts;

•the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and similar state laws, particularly the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, which authorize the creation of legally binding and enforceable agreements utilizing electronic records and signatures;

•the Military Lending Act and similar state laws, which provide disclosure requirements, interest rate limitations, substantive conduct obligations, and prohibitions on certain behavior relating to loans made to covered borrowers, which include both servicemembers and their dependents; and

•the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act and similar state laws, which allow active duty military members to suspend or postpone certain civil obligations so that the military member can devote his or her full attention to military duties.

In addition, many states and local jurisdictions have consumer protection laws analogous to, or in addition to, the federal laws listed above, such as usury laws, state debt collection practices laws, and requirements regarding loan disclosures and terms, credit discrimination, credit reporting, money transmission, recordkeeping, the arranging of loans made by third parties, and unfair or deceptive business practices. We are also subject to data protection laws and regulations, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the U.K.’s Data Protection Act of 2018, Australia's Privacy Act 1988, and similar state laws such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which includes limitations and requirements surrounding the use, disclosure, and other processing of certain personal information about California residents.

We are also subject to regulation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) under the Dodd-Frank Act and other acts described herein, and we are subject to the CFPB’s enforcement authority with respect to our compliance with these requirements as a facilitator, servicer, acquirer, or originator of consumer credit. As such, the CFPB has in the past requested reports concerning our organization, business conduct, markets, and activities, and the CFPB may continue to do so from time to time in the future.

The CFPB, through enforcement authority, could increase our compliance costs, potentially hinder our ability to respond to marketplace changes, impose requirements to alter products and services that would make them less attractive to consumers and impair our ability to offer products and services profitably. The CFPB is authorized to pursue administrative proceedings or litigation for violations of federal consumer financial laws. In these

proceedings, the CFPB can obtain cease and desist orders (which can include orders for restitution or rescission of contracts, as well as other kinds of affirmative relief) and monetary penalties.

Also, where a company has violated Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act or CFPB regulations under Title X, the Dodd-Frank Act empowers state attorneys general and state regulators to bring civil actions for the kind of cease and desist orders available to the CFPB (but not for civil penalties). In May 2022, the CFPB issued an Interpretive Rule to clarify the authority of states to enforce federal consumer financial protections laws under the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010. However, on May 15, 2025, the CFPB rescinded this interpretive rule.

It is possible that federal regulators could promulgate rulemakings and bring enforcement actions that materially impact our business and the business of our originating bank partners. These regulators may augment requirements that apply to loans facilitated by our platform, or impose new programs and restrictions and could otherwise revise or create new regulatory requirements that apply to us (or our bank partners), impacting our business, operations, and profitability.

The federal regulatory framework applicable to online marketplaces such as our platform is evolving and uncertain, and additional requirements may apply to our business in the future. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance is given that our compliance policies and procedures will be effective or will be adequate as laws change or are applied in a new manner.

Other requirements

We have policies and procedures designed to prevent the financing of illegal products. As part of our diligence process when vetting new partners, these policies and procedures instruct that we screen for products that violate the law or are on our prohibited business list in an effort to prevent risk to our business or harm to our consumers, merchants, and the payment system.

We are subject to compliance obligations related to U.S. anti-money laundering (“AML”) laws and regulations both directly through our subsidiary Affirm Payments, a registered money services business and licensed money transmitter, and through our partnership with our originating bank partners. With our international footprint, we are also subject to international AML laws and regulations. We have developed and currently operate an enterprise-wide AML program designed to prevent our network from being used to facilitate money laundering, terrorist financing, and other financial crimes, and to enable us to comply with all applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations, including the Bank Secrecy Act and the Patriot Act. Our AML program is also designed to prevent our products from being used to facilitate business in certain countries or territories, or with certain individuals or entities, including those on designated lists promulgated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control and other U.S. and non-U.S. sanctions authorities. Our AML and sanctions compliance programs include policies, procedures, reporting protocols, and internal controls designed to identify, monitor, manage, and mitigate the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing, including the designation of an AML compliance officer to oversee the programs. We are also required to maintain this program under our agreements with our originating bank partners, and certain state regulatory agencies have intimated they expect the program to be in place and followed.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) prohibits offering, promising, authorizing or making payments to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party or political candidate to obtain or retain business abroad. Affirm is subject to the FCPA as well as similar laws in other jurisdictions in which we operate. We maintain anti-corruption policies and procedures and have a compliance program in place to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations.

We collect, store, use, disclose, transfer, and otherwise process a wide variety of information, including personal information, for various purposes in our business, including to help provide for the integrity of our services and to provide features and functionality to our consumers and merchants. This aspect of our business, including the

collection, storage, use, disclosure, transfer, processing, and protection of the information, including personal information, we acquire in connection with our consumers’ and merchants’ use of our services, is subject to numerous privacy, cybersecurity, and other laws and regulations in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, including the GLBA and its implementing regulations. We are subject to a variety of such laws, rules, directives, and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, both at the state and federal level, relating to the processing of personal information. Accordingly, we publish our privacy policies and terms of service, which describe our practices concerning the collection, storage, use, disclosure, transmission, processing, and protection of information. The regulatory framework for privacy and data protection worldwide is rapidly evolving and, as a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to continue to evolve for the foreseeable future. Legislators and regulators are increasingly adopting or revising privacy and data protection laws, rules, directives, and regulations that could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy and data protection-related practices; our processing of consumer or employee information; and our current or planned business activities.

Furthermore, an increasing number of state, federal, and international jurisdictions have enacted, or are considering enacting, privacy laws, such as the CCPA, which became effective on January 1, 2020, and the EU GDPR, which regulates the collection, control, sharing, disclosure and use and other processing of personal information of data subjects in the EU and the European Economic Area. The CCPA gives residents of California expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used, and also provides for civil penalties for violations and a private right of action for data breaches. Meanwhile, the GDPR provides data subjects with greater control over the collection and use of their personal information (such as the “right to be forgotten”) and has specific requirements relating to cross-border transfers of personal information to certain jurisdictions, including to the U.S., with fines for noncompliance of up to the greater of 20 million euros or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company. In addition, on November 3, 2020, California voters approved a new privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which significantly modifies the CCPA, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain personal information and creating a new state agency to oversee implementation and enforcement efforts. Many of the CPRA’s provisions became effective on January 1, 2023. The CCPA, CPRA, GDPR, and any other applicable state, federal, and international privacy laws, may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.

Various regulatory agencies in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions continue to examine a wide variety of issues that are applicable to us and may impact our business. These issues include account management guidelines, anti-discrimination, consumer protection, identity theft, privacy, disclosure rules, electronic transfers, cybersecurity, and marketing. As our business continues to develop and expand, we continue to monitor the additional rules and regulations that may become relevant in order to maintain compliance with applicable law.

The legal and regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving, and, although we endeavor to comply with these laws and regulations and our published policies and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with legal and regulatory requirements applicable to us, including those relating to privacy or security, or any failure to protect the information that we collect from our consumers and merchants, including personally identifiable information, from cyber-attacks, or any such actual or perceived failure by our originating bank partners, may result in, among other things, revocation of required licenses or registrations, loss of approved status, private litigation, regulatory or governmental investigations, administrative enforcement actions, sanctions, civil and criminal liability, and constraints on our ability to continue to operate.

Our originating bank partners also operate in a highly regulated environment, and many laws and regulations that apply directly to our originating bank partners are directly and indirectly applicable to us as a service provider to our originating bank partners.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property and proprietary rights are important to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as

well as license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements, and other contractual protections, to establish and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, including our proprietary technology, software, know-how, and brand. However, these laws, agreements, and procedures provide only limited protection. As of June 30, 2026, we owned 21 registered trademarks and 1 trademark application in the United States, 101 registered trademarks and 4 trademark applications in various foreign jurisdictions, 30 issued patents and 48 pending patent applications in the United States, and 1 issued patent and 67 pending patent applications in various foreign jurisdictions.

Although we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will be sufficient or effective to prevent the unauthorized access, use, copying, or the reverse engineering of our technology and other proprietary information, including by third parties who may use our technology or other proprietary information to develop services that compete with ours.

See the section titled “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Platform Development” for a more comprehensive description of risks related to our intellectual property and proprietary rights.

Available Information

Our website address is www.affirm.com. Information found on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. From time to time, we may also use our investor relations website (investors.affirm.com), webcasts, press releases, conference calls, and social media as a means of disclosing information about the Company, including information which could be deemed

to be material to investors. Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address of the site is www.sec.gov.